Trang chủGây mê Hồi sức

[Sách Dịch] Y học Chu phẫu. Chương 24. Quản lý Chu phẫu các tổn thương Cấp tính Thần kinh trung ương

[Sách Dịch] Y học Chu phẫu. Chương 21. Phẫu Thuật Động Mạch Cảnh và Nội Sọ
[Sách Dịch] Y học Chu phẫu. Chương 22. Bảo vệ hệ thần kinh trung ương trong phẫu thuật tim
Sản giật: Bệnh sinh, chẩn đoán, điều trị

TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO

  1. Scott M.: Infectious hazards of neurologic tests. N Engl J Med 1969; 280: pp. 904.
  2. McCauley S.R., Wilde E.A., Moretti P., et. al.: Neurological outcome scale for traumatic brain injury: III. Criterion-related validity and sensitivity to change in the NABIS hypothermia-II clinical trial. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30: pp. 1506-1511.
  3. Kerr R.G., Bacon A.M., Baker L.L., et. al.: Underestimation of pupil size by critical care and neurosurgical nurses. Am J Crit Care 2016; 25: pp. 213-219.
  4. McNett M., Moran C., Janki C., et. al.: Correlations between hourly pupillometer readings and intracranial pressure values. J Neurosci Nurs 2017; 49: pp. 229-234.
  5. Zhao W., Stutzman S., DaiWai O., et. al.: Inter-device reliability of the NPi-100 pupillometer. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 33: pp. 79-82.
  6. Schallenberg M., Bangre V., Steuhl K.P., et. al.: Comparison of the Colvard, Procyon, and Neuroptics pupillometers for measuring pupil diameter under low ambient illumination. J Refract Surg 2010; 26: pp. 134-143.
  7. Cushing H.: Concerning a definite regulatory mechanism of the vaso-motor entre which controls blood pressure during cerebral compression. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin No 1900; 126: pp. 290.
  8. Greenberg J.H., Alavi A., Reivich M., et. al.: Local cerebral blood volume response to carbon dioxide in man. Circ Res 1978; 43: pp. 324.
  9. Risberg J., Lundberg N., Ingvar D.: Regional cerebral blood volume during acute rises in the intracranial pressure(plateau waves). J Neurosurg 1969; 31: pp. 303.
  10. Rosner M.J., Becker D.P.: Origin and evolution of plateau waves. Experimental observations and a theoretical model. J Neurosurg 1984; 50: pp. 312.
  11. Sakai F., Nakazawa K., Tazaki Y., et. al.: Regional cerebral blood volume and hematocrit measured in normal human volunteers by single photon emission computed tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1985; 5: pp. 207.
  12. Strandgaard S., Olesen J., Skinhoj E., et. al.: Autoregulation of brain circulation in severe arterial hypertension. Br Med J 1973; 3: pp. 507.
  13. Drummond J.C.: The lower limit of autoregulation: time to revise our thinking?. Anesthesiology 1997; 86: pp. 1431-1433.
  14. Lundberg N., Troupp H., Lorin H.: Continuous recording of ventricular fluid pressure in patients with severe acute traumatic brain injury. A preliminary report. J Neurosurg 1965; 22: pp. 581.
  15. Miller J.D., Becker D.P., Ward J.D., et. al.: Significance of intracranial hypertension in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 1977; 47: pp. 503.
  16. Giulioni M., Ursino M., Alvisi C.: Correlations among intracranial pulsatility, intracranial hemodynamics, and transcranial doppler wave form: Literature review and hypothesis for future studies. Neurosurgery 1988; 22: pp. 807.
  17. Carney N., Totten A.M., O’Reilly C., et. al.: Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition. Neurosurgery 2017; 80: pp. 6-15.
  18. Hassler W., Steinmetz H., Gawlowski J.: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in raised intracranial pressure and in intracranial circulatory arrest. J Neurosurg 1988; 68: pp. 745.
  19. Greitz T., Gordon E., Kolmodin G., et. al.: Aortocranial and carotid angiography in determination of brain death. Neuroradiology 1973; 5: pp. 13.
  20. Langfitt T., Weinstein J., Kassel N., et. al.: Transmission of increased intracranial pressure. I. Within the craniospinal axis. J Neurosurg 1964; 21: pp. 989.
  21. Langfitt T., Weinstein J., Kassell N.: Cerebral vasomotor paralysis produced by intracranial hypertension. Neurology 1965; 15: pp. 622.
  22. Jalan R., Olde Damink S.W., Deutz N.E., et. al.: Moderate hypothermia prevents cerebral hyperemia and increase in intracranial pressure in patients undergoing liver transplantation for acute liver failure. Transplantation 2003; 75: pp. 2034-2039.
  23. Kofke W.A., Dong M.L., Bloom M., et. al.: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography with induction of anesthesia for neurosurgery. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1994; 6: pp. 89.
  24. Aggarwal S., Kramer D., Yonas H., et. al.: Cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic changes in fulminant hepatic failure: A retrospective study. Hepatology 1994; 19: pp. 80.
  25. Michenfelder J.: The 27th Rovenstine Lecture: Neuroanesthesia and the achievement of professional respect. Anesthesiology 1989; 70: pp. 695.
  26. Wilkins R.: Cerebral vasospasm. Crit Rev Neurobiol 1990; 6: pp. 51.
  27. Jaggi J.L., Obrist W.D., Gennarelli T.A., et. al.: Relationship of early CBF and metabolism to outcome in acute head injury. J Neurosurg 1990; 72: pp. 176.
  28. Stocchetti N., Zanier E.R., Nicolini R., et. al.: Oxygen and carbon dioxide in the cerebral circulation during progression to brain death. Anesthesiology 2005; 103: pp. 957-961.
  29. Mauritz W., Steltzer H., Bauer P., et. al.: Monitoring of intracranial pressure in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: An Austrian prospective multicenter study. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: pp. 1208-1215.
  30. Chesnut R.M., Temkin N., Carney N., et. al.: A trial of intracranial-pressure monitoring in traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: pp. 2471-2481.
  31. Holloway K.L., Barnes T., Choi S., et. al.: Ventriculostomy infections: the effect of monitoring duration and catheter exchange in 584 patients. J Neurosurg 1996; 85: pp. 419-424.
  32. Bochicchio M., Latronico N., Zappa S., et. al.: Bedside burr hole for intracranial pressure monitoring performed by intensive care physicians. A 5-year experience. Intensive Care Med 1996; 22: pp. 1070-1074.
  33. Bratton S.L., Chestnut R.M., Ghajar J., et. al.: Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. VII. Intracranial pressure monitoring technology. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24: pp. S45-S54.
  34. Edouard A.R., Vanhille E., Le Moigno S., et. al.: Non-invasive assessment of cerebral perfusion pressure in brain injured patients with moderate intracranial hypertension. Br J Anaesth 2005; 94: pp. 216-221.
  35. Kirk T., Jones K., Miller S., Corbett J.: Measurement of intraocular and intracranial pressure: Is there a relationship?. Ann Neurol 2011; 70: pp. 323-326.
  36. Dubourg J., Javouhey E., Geeraerts T., et. al.: Ultrasonography of optic nerve sheath diameter for detection of raised intracranial pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2011; 37: pp. 1059-1068.
  37. Kim S.E., Hong E.P., Kim H.C., et. al.: Ultrasonographic optic nerve sheath diameter to detect increased intracranial pressure in adults: A meta-analysis. Acta Radiol 2018; 60: pp. 221-229.
  38. Czosnyka M., Smielewski P., Piechnik S., et. al.: Hemodynamic characterization of intracranial pressure plateau waves in head-injury patients. J Neurosurg 1999; 91: pp. 11-19.
  39. Smith M.: Monitoring intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: pp. 240-248.
  40. Contant C.F., Valadka A.B., Gopinath S.P., et. al.: Adult respiratory distress syndrome: A complication of induced hypertension after severe head injury. J Neurosurg 2001; 95: pp. 560-568.
  41. Prabhakar H., Sandhu K., Bhagat H., et. al.: Current concepts of optimal cerebral perfusion pressure in traumatic brain injury. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2014; 30: pp. 318-327.
  42. Moreira M., Fernandes D., Pereira E., et. al.: Is there a relationship between optimal cerebral perfusion pressure-guided management and PaO2/FiO2 ratio after severe traumatic brain injury?. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2018; 126: pp. 59-62.
  43. Thiara S., Griesdale D.E., Henderson W.R., et. al.: Effect of cerebral perfusion pressure on acute respiratory distress syndrome. Can J Neurol Sci 2018; 45: pp. 313-319.
  44. Grande P., Asgeirsson B., Nordstrom C.: Volume-targeted therapy of increased intracranial pressure: The Lund concept unifies surgical and non-surgical treatments. Acta Anaesth Scand 2002; 46: pp. 929-941.
  45. Stevens R.D., Shoykhet M., Cadena R.: Emergency neurological life support: Intracranial hypertension and herniation. Neurocrit Care 2015; 23: pp. S76-S82.
  46. Robinson N., Clancy M.: In patients with head injury undergoing rapid sequence intubation, does pretreatment with intravenous lignocaine/lidocaine lead to an improved neurological outcome? A review of the literature. Emerg Med J 2001; 18: pp. 453-457.
  47. Alarcon J.D., Rubiano A.M., Okonkwo D.O., et. al.: Elevation of the head during intensive care management in people with severe traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;
  48. Feldman Z., Kanter M.J., Robertson C.S., et. al.: Effect of head elevation on intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and cerebral blood flow in head-injured patients. J Neurosurg 1992; 76: pp. 207-211.
  49. Ng I., Lim J., Wong H.B.: Effects of head posture on cerebral hemodynamics: Its influences on intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and cerebral oxygenation. Neurosurgery 2004; 54: pp. 593-597. discussion 598
  50. Tankisi A., Rolighed Larsen J., et. al.: The effects of 10 degrees reverse trendelenburg position on ICP and CPP in prone positioned patients subjected to craniotomy for occipital or cerebellar tumours. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2002; 144: pp. 665-670.
  51. Kenning J.A., Toutant S.M., Saunders R.L.: Upright patient positioning in the management of intracranial hypertension. Surg Neurol 1981; 15: pp. 148-152.
  52. Kosty J.A., Leroux P.D., Levine J., et. al.: Brief report: A comparison of clinical and research practices in measuring cerebral perfusion pressure: A literature review and practitioner survey. Anesth Analg 2013; 117: pp. 694-698.
  53. Rosner M.J., Coley I.B.: Cerebral perfusion pressure, intracranial pressure, and head elevation. J Neurosurg 1986; 65: pp. 636-641.
  54. Busija D.W., Leffler C.W., Pourcyrous M.: Hyperthermia increases cerebral metabolic rate and blood flow in neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol 1988; 255: pp. H343-H346. Pt 2
  55. Bao L., Chen D., Ding L., et. al.: Fever burden is an independent predictor for prognosis of traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:
  56. Edwards P., Arango M., Balica L., et. al.: Final results of MRC CRASH, a randomised placebo-controlled trial of intravenous corticosteroid in adults with head injury-outcomes at 6 months. Lancet 2005; 365: pp. 1957-1959.
  57. Roberts I., Yates D., Sandercock P., et. al.: Effect of intravenous corticosteroids on death within 14 days in 10008 adults with clinically significant head injury (MRC CRASH trial): randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364: pp. 1321-1328.
  58. Sinha S., Bastin M.E., Wardlaw J.M., et. al.: Effects of dexamethasone on peritumoural oedematous brain: A DT-MRI study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: pp. 1632-1635.
  59. Kim H., Lee J.M., Park J.S., et. al.: Dexamethasone coordinately regulates angiopoietin-1 and VEGF: A mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced stabilization of blood-brain barrier. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 372: pp. 243-248.
  60. Watling C.J., Cairncross J.G.: Acetazolamide therapy for symptomatic plateau waves in patients with brain tumors. Report of three cases. J Neurosurg 2002; 97: pp. 224-226.
  61. Diringer M.: Hyperventilation in head injury: What have we learned in 43 years?. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: pp. 2142-2143.
  62. Lundberg N.: Continuous recording and control of ventricular fluid pressure in neurosurgical practice. Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 1960; 36: pp. 1-193.
  63. Brian J.E.: Carbon dioxide and the cerebral circulation. Anesthesiology 1998; 88: pp. 1365-1386.
  64. Lassen N.A.: Control of cerebral circulation in health and disease. Circ Res 1974; 34: pp. 749.
  65. Raichle M., Plum F.: Hyperventilation and CBF. [Review]. Stroke 1972; 3: pp. 566.
  66. Raichle M., Posner J., Plum F.: CBF during and after hyperventilation. Arch Neuro 1970;
  67. Shapiro H.M.: Intracranial hypertension: Therapeutic and anesthetic considerations. Anesthesiology 1975; 43: pp. 445.
  68. Shenkin H.A., Bouzarth W.F.: Clinical methods of reducing intracranial pressure. N Engl J Med 1970; 282: pp. 1465.
  69. Cold G.E.: Cerebral blood flow in acute head injury. The regulation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism during the acute phase of head injury, and its significance for therapy. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1990; 49: pp. 1-64.
  70. Curley G., Kavanagh B.P., Laffey J.G.: Hypocapnia and the injured brain: More harm than benefit. Crit Care Med 2010; 38: pp. 1348-1359.
  71. Stocchetti N., Maas A.I., Chieregato A., et. al.: Hyperventilation in head injury: A review. Chest 2005; 127: pp. 1812-1827.
  72. Gelb A.W., Craen R.A., Rao G.S., et. al.: Does hyperventilation improve operating condition during supratentorial craniotomy? A multicenter randomized crossover trial. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: pp. 585-594. table of contents https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000295804.41688.8a
  73. Talke P.O., Sharma D., Heyer E.J., et. al.: Society for Neuroscience in Anesthesiology and Critical Care Expert consensus statement: Anesthetic management of endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke*: Endorsed by the Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery and the Neurocritical Care Society. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2014; 26: pp. 95-108.
  74. Laffey J.G., Kavanagh B.P.: Hypocapnia. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: pp. 43-53.
  75. Marion D.W., Puccio A., Wisniewski S.R., et. al.: Effect of hyperventilation on extracellular concentrations of glutamate, lactate, pyruvate, and local cerebral blood flow in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: pp. 2619-2625.
  76. Stringer W.A., Hasso A.N., Thompson J.R., et. al.: Hyperventilation-induced cerebral ischemia in patients with acute brain lesions: Demonstration by xenon-enhanced CT. Am J Neurorad 1993; 14: pp. 475-484.
  77. Muizelaar J.P., Marmarou A., Ward J.D., et. al.: Adverse effects of prolonged hyperventilation in patients with severe head injury: A randomized clinical trial. J Neurosurg 1991; 75: pp. 731-739.
  78. Chater S., Simpson K.: Effect of passive hyperventilation on seizure threshold in patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy. Br J Anaesth 1988; 60: pp. 70-73.
  79. Rangel-Castilla L., Lara L.R., Gopinath S., et. al.: Cerebral hemodynamic effects of acute hyperoxia and hyperventilation after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27: pp. 1853-1863.
  80. Carrera E., Schmidt J.M., Fernandez L., et. al.: Spontaneous hyperventilation and brain tissue hypoxia in patients with severe brain injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010; 81: pp. 793-797.
  81. Gopinath S.P., Valadka A.B., Uzura M., et. al.: Comparison of jugular venous oxygen saturation and brain tissue Po2 as monitors of cerebral ischemia after head injury. Crit Care Clin 1999; 27: pp. 2337-2345.
  82. Coles J.P., Fryer T.D., Coleman M.R., et. al.: Hyperventilation following head injury: effect on ischemic burden and cerebral oxidative metabolism. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: pp. 568-578.
  83. Cruz J., Miner M.E., Allen S.J., et. al.: Continuous monitoring of cerebral oxygenation in acute brain injury: Injection of mannitol during hyperventilation. J Neurosurg 1990; 73: pp. 725.
  84. Kirkman M.A., Smith M.: Intracranial pressure monitoring, cerebral perfusion pressure estimation, and ICP/CPP-guided therapy: A standard of care or optional extra after brain injury?. Br J Anaesth 2014; 112: pp. 35-46.
  85. Ito H., Ibaraki M., Kanno I., et. al.: Changes in the arterial fraction of human cerebral blood volume during hypercapnia and hypocapnia measured by positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005; 25: pp. 852-857.
  86. McLaughlin M.R., Marion D.W.: Cerebral blood flow and vasoresponsivity within and around cerebral contusions. J Neurosurg 1996; 85: pp. 871-876.
  87. Paolin A., Rodriguez G., Betetto M., et. al.: Cerebral hemodynamic response to CO2 after severe head injury: Clinical and prognostic implications. J Trauma 1998; 44: pp. 495-500.
  88. Chesnut R.M.: Care of central nervous system injuries. Surg Clin North Am 2007; 87: pp. 119-156. vii https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2006.09.018
  89. Gordon E.: Controlled respiration in the management of patients with traumatic brain injuries. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1971; 15: pp. 193-208.
  90. Francony G., Fauvage B., Falcon D., et. al.: Equimolar doses of mannitol and hypertonic saline in the treatment of increased intracranial pressure. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: pp. 795-800.
  91. Ichai C., Armando G., Orban J.C., et. al.: Sodium lactate versus mannitol in the treatment of intracranial hypertensive episodes in severe traumatic brain-injured patients. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: pp. 471-479.
  92. Qureshi A.I., Wilson D.A., Traystman R.J.: Treatment of elevated intracranial pressure in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage: Comparison between mannitol and hypertonic saline. Neurosurgery 1999; 44: pp. 1055-1063. discussion 1063–1054
  93. Smith Q.R., Rapoport S.I.: Cerebrovascular permeability coefficients to sodium, potassium, and chloride. J Neurochem 1986; 46: pp. 1732-1742.
  94. Bell B., Smith M., Kean D., et. al.: Brain water measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Correlation with direct estimation and changes after mannitol and dexamethasone. Lancet 1987; 1: pp. 66.
  95. Reichenthal E., Kaspi T., Cohen M.L., et. al.: The ambivalent effects of early and late administration of mannitol in cold-induced brain oedema. Acta Neurochir 1990; 51: pp. 110. Suppl
  96. Rosenberg G.A., Barrett J., Estrada E., et. al.: Selective effect of mannitol-induced hyperosmolality on brain interstitial fluid and water content in white matter. Metab Brain Dis 1988; 3: pp. 217.
  97. Chan P., Fishman R.: Elevation of rat brain amino acids, ammonia and idiogenic osmoles induced by hyperosmolality. Brain Res 1979; 161: pp. 293.
  98. Pollock A.S., Arieff A.I.: Abnormalities of cell volume regulation and their functional consequences. Am J Physiol 1980; 239: pp. F195-F205.
  99. Jafar J.J., Johns L.M., Mullan S.F.: The effect of mannitol on cerebral blood flow. J Neurosurg 1986; 64: pp. 754-759.
  100. Garcia-Morales E.J., Cariappa R., Parvin C.A., et. al.: Osmole gap in neurologic-neurosurgical intensive care unit: Its normal value, calculation, and relationship with mannitol serum concentrations. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: pp. 986-991.
  101. Rosner M.J., Coley I.: Cerebral perfusion pressure: A hemodynamic mechanism of mannitol and the postmannitol hemogram. Neurosurgery 1987; 21: pp. 147-156.
  102. Kofke W.: Mannitol: Potential for rebound intracranial hypertension? [editorial; comment]. J Neurosurg Anesth 1993; 5: pp. 1-3.
  103. Rudehill A., Gordon E., Ohman G., et. al.: Pharmacokinetics and effects of mannitol on hemodynamics, blood and cerebrospinal fluid electrolytes, and osmolality during intracranial surgery. J Neurosurg Anesth 1993; 5: pp. 4-12.
  104. Zornow M.: Hypertonic saline as a safe and efficacious treatment of intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg Anesth 1996; 8: pp. 175-177.
  105. Weed L., McKibben P.: Pressure changes in the cerebro-spinal fluid following intravenous injection of solutions of various concentrations. Amer J Physiol 1919; 48: pp. 512-530.
  106. Lazaridis C., Neyens R., Bodle J., et. al.: High-osmolarity saline in neurocritical care: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2013; 41: pp. 1353-1360.
  107. Bulger E.M., May S., Brasel K.J., et. al.: Out-of-hospital hypertonic resuscitation following severe traumatic brain injury: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010; 304: pp. 1455-1464.
  108. Dubick M.A., Wade C.E.: A review of the efficacy and safety of 7.5% NaCl/6% dextran 70 in experimental animals and in humans. J Trauma 1994; 36: pp. 323-330.
  109. Alam H.B., Punzalan C.M., Koustova E., et. al.: Hypertonic saline: Intraosseous infusion causes myonecrosis in a dehydrated swine model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 2002; 52: pp. 18-25.
  110. Hijiya N., Horiuchi K., Asakura T.: Morphology of sickle cells produced in solutions of varying osmolarities. J Lab Clin Med 1991; 117: pp. 60-66.
  111. Millet A., Cuisinier A., Bouzat P., et. al.: Hypertonic sodium lactate reverses brain oxygenation and metabolism dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. Br J Anaesth 2018; 120: pp. 1295-1303.
  112. Badaut J., Ashwal S., Obenaus A.: Aquaporins in cerebrovascular disease: A target for treatment of brain edema. Cerebrovasc Dis 2011; 31: pp. 521-531.
  113. Pascual J.L., Ferri L.E., Seely A.J., et. al.: Hypertonic saline resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock diminishes neutrophil rolling and adherence to endothelium and reduces in vivo vascular leakage. Ann Surg 2002; 236: pp. 634-642.
  114. Qureshi A.I., Wilson D.A., Traystman R.J.: Treatment of elevated intracranial pressure in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage: Comparison between mannitol and hypertonic saline. Neurosurgery 1999; 44: pp. 1055-1063.
  115. Schreibman D.L., Hong C.M., Keledjian K., et. al.: Mannitol and hypertonic saline reduce swelling and modulate inflammatory markers in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2018; 29: pp. 253-263.
  116. Yin J., Zhang H., Chen H., et. al.: Hypertonic saline alleviates brain edema after traumatic brain injury via downregulation of aquaporin 4 in rats. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24: pp. 1863-1870.
  117. Suarez J.I., Qureshi A.I., Bhardwaj A., et. al.: Treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension with 23.4% saline. Crit Care Med 1998; 26: pp. 1118-1122.
  118. Tseng M.Y., Al-Rawi P.G., Pickard J.D., et. al.: Effect of hypertonic saline on cerebral blood flow in poor-grade patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2003; 34: pp. 1389-1396.
  119. Al-Rawi P.G., Zygun D., Tseng M.Y., et. al.: Cerebral blood flow augmentation in patients with severe subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2005; 95: pp. 123-127.
  120. Al-Rawi P.G., Tseng M.Y., Richards H.K., et. al.: Hypertonic saline in patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage improves cerebral blood flow, brain tissue oxygen, and pH. Stroke 2010; 41: pp. 122-128.
  121. Ware M.L., Nemani V.M., Meeker M., et. al.: Effects of 23.4% sodium chloride solution in reducing intracranial pressure in patients with traumatic brain injury: A preliminary study. Neurosurgery 2005; 57: pp. 727-736. discussion 727–736
  122. Paredes-Andrade E., Solid C.A., Rockswold S.B., et. al.: Hypertonic saline reduces intracranial hypertension in the presence of high serum and cerebrospinal fluid osmolalities. Neurocrit Care 2012; 17: pp. 204-210.
  123. Major E.H., O’Connor P., Mullan B.: Single bolus 30% hypertonic saline for refractory intracranial hypertension. Ir J Med Sci 2015; 184: pp. 159-165.
  124. Eskandari R., Filtz M.R., Davis G.E., et. al.: Effective treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension after traumatic brain injury with repeated boluses of 14.6% hypertonic saline. J Neurosurg 2013; 119: pp. 338-346.
  125. Mojtahedzadeh M., Ahmadi A., Mahmoodpoor A., et. al.: Hypertonic saline solution reduces the oxidative stress responses in traumatic brain injury patients. J Res Med Sci 2014; 19: pp. 867-874.
  126. Diringer M.N., Scalfani M.T., Zazulia A.R., et. al.: Cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic effects of equi-osmolar doses mannitol and 23.4% saline in patients with edema following large ischemic stroke. Neurocrit Care 2011; 14: pp. 11-17.
  127. Qureshi A.I., Suarez J.I., Bhardwaj A., et. al.: Use of hypertonic (3%) saline/acetate infusion in the treatment of cerebral edema: Effect on intracranial pressure and lateral displacement of the brain. Crit Care Med 1998; 26: pp. 440-446.
  128. Schatzmann C., Heissler H.E., Konig K., et. al.: Treatment of elevated intracranial pressure by infusions of 10% saline in severely head injured patients. Acta Neurochir 1998; 71: pp. 31-33.
  129. Vialet R., Albanese J., Thomachot L., et. al.: Isovolume hypertonic solutes (sodium chloride or mannitol) in the treatment of refractory posttraumatic intracranial hypertension: 2 mL/kg 7.5% saline is more effective than 2 mL/kg 20% mannitol. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: pp. 1683-1687.
  130. Shackford S.R., Bourguignon P.R., Wald S.L., et. al.: Hypertonic saline resuscitation of patients with head injury: A prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Trauma 1998; 44: pp. 50-58.
  131. Khanna S., Davis D., Peterson B., et. al.: Use of hypertonic saline in the treatment of severe refractory posttraumatic intracranial hypertension in pediatric traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: pp. 1144-1151.
  132. Peterson B., Khanna S., Fisher B., et. al.: Prolonged hypernatremia controls elevated intracranial pressure in head-injured pediatric patients. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: pp. 1136-1143.
  133. Simma B., Burger R., Falk M., et. al.: A prospective, randomized, and controlled study of fluid management in children with severe head injury: Lactated Ringer’s solution versus hypertonic saline. Crit Care Med 1998; 26: pp. 1265-1270.
  134. Murphy N., Auzinger G., Bernel W., et. al.: The effect of hypertonic sodium chloride on intracranial pressure in patients with acute liver failure. Hepatology 2004; 39: pp. 464-470.
  135. Kodali S., McGuire B.M.: Diagnosis and management of hepatic encephalopathy in fulminant hepatic failure. Clin Liver Dis 2015; 19: pp. 565-576.
  136. Vassar M.J., Perry C.A., Gannaway W.L., et. al.: 7.5% sodium chloride/dextran for resuscitation of trauma patients undergoing helicopter transpor. Arch Surg 1991; 126: pp. 1065-1072.
  137. Cooper J., Myles P., McDermott F., et. al.: Prehospital hypertonic saline resuscitation of patients with hypotension and severe traumatic brain injury a randomized controlled trial D. JAMA 2004; 291: pp. 1350-1357.
  138. Koenig M.A., Bryan M., Lewin J.L., et. al.: Reversal of transtentorial herniation with hypertonic saline. Neurology 2008; 70: pp. 1023-1029.
  139. Battison C., Andrews P.J., Graham C., et. al.: Randomized, controlled trial on the effect of a 20% mannitol solution and a 7.5% saline/6% dextran solution on increased intracranial pressure after brain injury. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: pp. 196-202. discussion 257–198
  140. Schwarz S., Schwab S., Bertram M., et. al.: Effects of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch solution and mannitol in patients with increased intracranial pressure after stroke. Stroke 1998; 29: pp. 1550-1555.
  141. Kamel H., Navi B.B., Nakagawa K., et. al.: Hypertonic saline versus mannitol for the treatment of elevated intracranial pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Crit Care Med 2011; 39: pp. 554-559.
  142. Mortazavi M.M., Romeo A.K., Deep A., et. al.: Hypertonic saline for treating raised intracranial pressure: Literature review with meta-analysis. J Neurosurg 2012; 116: pp. 210-221.
  143. Valadka A.B., Robertson C.S.: Should we be using hypertonic saline to treat intracranial hypertension?. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: pp. 1245-1246.
  144. Dominguez T.E., Priestley M.A., Huh J.W.: Caution should be exercised when maintaining a serum sodium level > 160 meq/L. Crit Care Clin 2004; 32: pp. 1438-1439.
  145. Bratton S., Kochanek P., Chesnut R., et. al.: Caution should be exercised when maintaining a serum sodium level > 160 meq/L. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: pp. 1439-1440.
  146. Suarez J.I.: Hypertonic saline for cerebral edema and elevated intracranial pressure. Cleve Clin J Med 2004; 71: pp. S9-S13.
  147. Bhardwaj A., Harukuni I., Murphy S.: Hypertonic saline worsens infarct volume after transient focal ischemia in rats. Stroke 2000; 31: pp. 1694-1701.
  148. Swanson P.: Neurological manifestations of hypernatremia.Vinken P.Bruyn G.Handbook of Clinical Neurology (Vol. 28, Metabolic and Deficiency Diseases of the Nervous System, Part II.,).1976.North-Holland Publishing CompanyAmsterdam:pp. 443-461.
  149. Sterns R.H., Riggs J.E., Schochet S.S.: Osmotic demyelination syndrome following correction of hyponatremia. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: pp. 1535-1542.
  150. Cote C.J., Greenhow D.E., Marshall B.E.: The hypotensive response to rapid intravenous administration of hypertonic solutions in man and in the rabbit. Anesthesiology 1979; 50: pp. 30-35.
  151. Kien N.D., Kramer G.C., White D.A.: Acute hypotension caused by rapid hypertonic saline infusion in anesthetized dogs. Anesth Analg 1991; 73: pp. 597-602.
  152. Reed R.L., Johnston T.D., Chen Y., et. al.: Hypertonic saline alters plasma clotting times and platelet aggregation. J Trauma 1991; 31: pp. 8-14.
  153. Wang H., Cao H., Zhang X., et. al.: The effect of hypertonic saline and mannitol on coagulation in moderate traumatic brain injury patients. Am J Emerg Med 2017; 35: pp. 1404-1407.
  154. Kolsen-Petersen J.A., Nielsen J.O., Tonnesen E.: Acid base and electrolyte changes after hypertonic saline (7.5%) infusion: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2005; 65: pp. 13-22.
  155. Hartung H.: Intracranial pressure after propofol and thiopental administration in patients with severe head trauma. Anaesthetist 1987; 36: pp. 285-287.
  156. Marshall L.F., Shapiro H.M., Rauscher A., et. al.: Pentobarbital therapy for intracranial hypertension in metabolic coma. Reye’s syndrome. Crit Care Med 1978; 6: pp. 105.
  157. Pierce E., Lambertsen C., Deutsch S.: Cerebral circulation and metabolism during thiopental anesthesia and hyperventilation in man. J Clin Invest 1962; 41: pp. 1664-1671.
  158. Larsen R., Hilfiker O., Radle J., et. al.: The effects of midazolam on the general circulation, the CBF and cerebral oxygen consumption in man. Anaesthetist 1981; 30: pp. 18-21.
  159. Prior J.G., Hinds C.J., Williams J., et. al.: The use of etomidate in the management of severe head injury. Int Care Med 1983; 9: pp. 313-320.
  160. Renou A., Vernhiet J., Macrez P., et. al.: CBF and metabolism during etomidate anaesthesia in man. Br J Anaesth 1978; 50: pp. 1047-1051.
  161. Vandesteene A., Trempont V., Engelman E., et. al.: Effect of propofol on CBF and metabolism in man. Anaesthesia 1988; 45: pp. 42-43. Suppl
  162. Sakabe T., Maekawa T., Ishikawa T., et. al.: The effects of lidocaine on canine metabolism and circulation related to the electroencephalogram. Anesthesiology 1974; 40: pp. 433-441.
  163. Yano M., Nishiyama H., Yokota H., et. al.: Effect of lidocaine on ICP response to endotracheal suctioning. Anesthesiology 1986; 64: pp. 651-653.
  164. Kelly D.F., Goodale D.B., Williams J., et. al.: Propofol in the treatment of moderate and severe head injury: A randomized, prospective double-blinded pilot trial. J Neurosurg 1999; 90: pp. 1042-1052.
  165. Skues M.A., Prys-Roberts C.: The pharmacology of propofol. [Review]. J Clin Anesth 1989; 1: pp. 387.
  166. Yan K., Pang L., Gao H., et. al.: The influence of sedation level guided by bispectral index on therapeutic effects for patients with severe traumatic brain injury. World Neurosurg 2018; 110: pp. e671-e683.
  167. Otterspoor L.C., Kalkman C.J., Cremer O.L.: Update on the propofol infusion syndrome in ICU management of patients with head injury. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008; 21: pp. 544-551.
  168. Cooper H.A., Panza J.A.: Cardiogenic shock. Cardiol Clin 2013; 31: pp. 567-580. viii https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccl.2013.07.009
  169. Khan M.H., Corbett B.J., Hollenberg S.M.: Mechanical circulatory support in acute cardiogenic shock. F1000Prime Rep 2014; 6: pp. 91.
  170. Preziosi P., Vacca M.: Adrenocortical suppression and other endocrine effects of etomidate. Life Sci 1988; 42: pp. 477-489.
  171. Levy M.L., Aranda M., Zelman V., et. al.: Propylene glycol toxicity following continuous etomidate infusion for the control of refractory cerebral edema. Neurosurgery 1995; 37: pp. 363-369. discussion 369–371
  172. Audibert G., Steinmann G., Charpentier C., et. al.: Anaesthetic management of the patient with acute intracranial hypertension. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2005; 24: pp. 492-501.
  173. Michenfelder J.: The interdependency of cerebral functional and metabolic effects following massive doses of thiopental in the dog. Anesthesiology 1974; 41: pp. 231-236.
  174. Perez-Barcena J., Llompart-Pou J.A., Homar J., et. al.: Pentobarbital versus thiopental in the treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension in patients with traumatic brain injury: A randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 2008; 12: pp. R112.
  175. Eisenberg H.M., Frankowski R.F., Contant C.F., et. al.: High-dose barbiturate control of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg 1988; 69: pp. 15-23.
  176. Schwartz M.L., Tator C.H., Rowed D.W., et. al.: The University of Toronto head injury treatment study: A prospective, randomized comparison of pentobarbital and mannitol. Can J Neurol Sci 1984; 11: pp. 434-440.
  177. Ward J.D., Becker D.P., Miller J.D., et. al.: Failure of prophylactic barbiturate coma in the treatment of severe head injury. J Neurosurg 1985; 62: pp. 383-388.
  178. Mendelow A.D., Gregson B.A., Fernandes H.M., et. al.: Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): A randomised trial. Lancet 2005; 365: pp. 387-397.
  179. Cushing H.: Subtemporal decompressive operations for the intracranial complications associated with bursting fractures of the skull. Ann Surg 1908; 47: pp. 641-644.
  180. Kolias A.G., Kirkpatrick P.J., Hutchinson P.J.: Decompressive craniectomy: Past, present and future. Nat Rev Neurol 2013; 9: pp. 405-415.
  181. Aarabi B., Hesdorffer D.C., Ahn E.S., et. al.: Outcome following decompressive craniectomy for malignant swelling due to severe head injury. J Neurosurg 2006; 104: pp. 469-479.
  182. Cooper P.R., Rovit R.L., Ransohoff J.: Hemicraniectomy in the treatment of acute subdural hematoma: A re-appraisal. Surg Neurol 1976; 5: pp. 25-28.
  183. Whitfield P.C., Patel H., Hutchinson P.J., et. al.: Bifrontal decompressive craniectomy in the management of posttraumatic intracranial hypertension. Br J Neurosurg 2001; 15: pp. 500-507.
  184. Cooper D.J., Rosenfeld J.V., Murray L., et. al.: Decompressive craniectomy in diffuse traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: pp. 1493-1502.
  185. Hutchinson P.J., Kolias A.G., Timofeev I.S., et. al.: Trial of decompressive craniectomy for traumatic intracranial hypertension. N Engl J Med 2016; 375: pp. 1119-1130.
  186. Vahedi K., Vicaut E., Mateo J., et. al.: Sequential-design, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of early decompressive craniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (DECIMAL Trial). Stroke 2007; 38: pp. 2506-2517.
  187. Juttler E., Schwab S., Schmiedek P., et. al.: Decompressive Surgery for the Treatment of Malignant Infarction of the Middle Cerebral Artery (DESTINY): A randomized, controlled trial. Stroke 2007; 38: pp. 2518-2525.
  188. Hofmeijer J., Kappelle L.J., Algra A., et. al.: Surgical decompression for space-occupying cerebral infarction (the Hemicraniectomy After Middle Cerebral Artery infarction with Life-threatening Edema Trial [HAMLET]): a multicentre, open, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8: pp. 326-333.
  189. Juttler E., Unterberg A., Woitzik J., et. al.: Hemicraniectomy in older patients with extensive middle-cerebral-artery stroke. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: pp. 1091-1100.
  190. Lu X., Huang B., Zheng J., et. al.: Decompressive craniectomy for the treatment of malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery. Sci Rep 2014; 4: pp. 7070.
  191. Yang M.H., Lin H.Y., Fu J., et. al.: Decompressive hemicraniectomy in patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surgeon 2015; 13: pp. 230-240.
  192. Diedler J., Sykora M., Blatow M., et. al.: Decompressive surgery for severe brain edema. J Intensive Care Med 2009; 24: pp. 168-178.
  193. Kurland D.B., Khaladj-Ghom A., Stokum J.A., et. al.: Complications associated with decompressive craniectomy: A systematic review. Neurocrit Care 2015; 23: pp. 292-304.
  194. Honeybul S., Ho K.M.: Long-term complications of decompressive craniectomy for head injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28: pp. 929-935.
  195. Joseph V., Reilly P.: Syndrome of the trephined. J Neurosurg 2009; 111: pp. 650-652.
  196. Sarov M., Guichard J.P., Chibarro S., et. al.: Sinking skin flap syndrome and paradoxical herniation after hemicraniectomy for malignant hemispheric infarction. Stroke 2010; 41: pp. 560-562.
  197. Levine S.: Anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in rats. Am J Pathol 1960; 36: pp. 1.
  198. Hojer-Pedersen E.: Effect of acetazolamide on CBF in subacute and chronic cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 1987; 18: pp. 887.
  199. Nemoto E.M., Yonas H., Kuwabara H., et. al.: Identification of hemodynamic compromise by cerebrovascular reserve and oxygen extraction fraction in occlusive vascular disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24: pp. 1081-1089.
  200. Schroeder T.: Cerebrovascular reactivity to acetazolamide in carotid artery disease. Enhancement of side-to-side CBF asymmetry indicates critically reduced perfusion pressure. Neurol Res 1986; 8: pp. 231.
  201. Yonas H., Pindzola R.R.: Clinical application of cerebrovascular reserve assessment as a strategy for stroke prevention. Keio J of Med 2000; 49: pp. A4-A10.
  202. Yoo K.Y., Lee J.U., Kim H.S., et. al.: Hemodynamic and catecholamine responses to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in patients with complete spinal cord injuries. Anesthesiology 2001; 95: pp. 647-651.
  203. Hamill J.F., Bedford R.F., Weaver D.C., et. al.: Lidocaine before endotracheal intubation: intavenous or laryngotracheal?. Anesthesiology 1981; 55: pp. 578-581.
  204. Moss E., Powell D., Gibson R.M., et. al.: Effects of tracheal intubation on intracranial pressure following induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone or althesin in patients undergoing neurosurgery. Br J Anaesth 1978; 50: pp. 353-360.
  205. Kofke W.A., Shaheen N., McWhorter J., et. al.: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography with induction of anesthesia and neuromuscular blockade in surgical patients. J Clin Anesth 2001; 13: pp. 335-338.
  206. Lanier W.L., Milde J.H., Michenfelder J.D.: Cerebral stimulation following succinylcholine in dogs. Anesthesiology 1986; 64: pp. 551-559.
  207. Greenawalt J.W.: Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia 8 weeks after a brief paraplegic episode. Anesth Analg 1992; 75: pp. 294-295.
  208. McCrory C., Blunnie W.P., Moriarty D.C.: Elective tracheal intubation in cervical spine injuries. Ir Med J 1997; 90: pp. 234-235.
  209. Gabbott D.A.: The effect of single-handed cricoid pressure on neck movement after applying manual in-line stabilisation. Anaesthesia 1997; 52: pp. 586-588.
  210. Ellis D.Y., Harris T., Zideman D.: Cricoid pressure in emergency department rapid sequence tracheal intubations: A risk-benefit analysis. Ann Emerg Med 2007; 50: pp. 653-665.
  211. Helliwell V., Gabbott D.A.: The effect of single-handed cricoid pressure on cervical spine movement after applying manual in-line stabilisation — a cadaver study. Resuscitation 2001; 49: pp. 53-57.
  212. Prasarn M.L., Horodyski M., Schneider P., et. al.: The effect of cricoid pressure on the unstable cervical spine. J Emerg Med 2016; 50: pp. 427-432.
  213. Donaldson W.F., Towers J.D., Doctor A., et. al.: A methodology to evaluate motion of the unstable spine during intubation techniques. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1993; 18: pp. 2020-2023.
  214. Hartley M.: Cricoid pressure and potential spine injuries. Anaesthesia 1993; 48: pp. 1113.
  215. Cook T.M.: Cricoid pressure: Are two hands better than one?. Anaesthesia 1996; 51: pp. 365-368.
  216. Holley J., Jorden R.: Airway management in patients with unstable cervical spine fractures. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18: pp. 1237-1239.
  217. Shatney C.H., Brunner R.D., Nguyen T.Q.: The safety of orotracheal intubation in patients with unstable cervical spine fracture or high spinal cord injury. Am J Surg 1995; 170: pp. 676-679. discussion 679–680
  218. Hastings R.H., Wood P.R.: Head extension and laryngeal view during laryngoscopy with cervical spine stabilization maneuvers. Anesthesiology 1994; 80: pp. 825-831.
  219. Lennarson P.J., Smith D.W., Sawin P.D., et. al.: Cervical spinal motion during intubation: Efficacy of stabilization maneuvers in the setting of complete segmental instability. J Neurosurg 2001; 94: pp. 265-270.
  220. Sriganesh K., Busse J.W., Shanthanna H., et. al.: Airway management in the presence of cervical spine instability: A cross-sectional survey of the members of the Indian Society of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care. Indian J Anaesth 2018; 62: pp. 115-120.
  221. Majernick T.G., Bieniek R., Houston J.B., et. al.: Cervical spine movement during orotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 15: pp. 417-420.
  222. Sawin P.D., Todd M.M., Traynelis V.C., et. al.: Cervical spine motion with direct laryngoscopy and orotracheal intubation. An in vivo cinefluoroscopic study of subjects without cervical abnormality. Anesthesiology 1996; 85: pp. 26-36.
  223. Bivins H.G., Ford S., Bezmalinovic Z., et. al.: The effect of axial traction during orotracheal intubation of the trauma victim with an unstable cervical spine. Ann Emerg Med 1988; 17: pp. 25-29.
  224. Hastings R.H., Vigil A.C., Hanna R., et. al.: Cervical spine movement during laryngoscopy with the Bullard, Macintosh, and Miller laryngoscopes. Anesthesiology 1995; 82: pp. 859-869.
  225. Prasarn M.L., Horodyski M., Scott N.E., et. al.: Motion generated in the unstable upper cervical spine during head tilt-chin lift and jaw thrust maneuvers. Spine J 2014; 14: pp. 609-614.
  226. Turkstra T.P., Craen R.A., Pelz D.M., et. al.: Cervical spine motion: a fluoroscopic comparison during intubation with lighted stylet, GlideScope, and Macintosh laryngoscope. Anesth Analg 2005; 101: pp. 1011.
  227. Rudolph C., Schneider J.P., Wallenborn J., et. al.: Movement of the upper cervical spine during laryngoscopy: A comparison of the Bonfils intubation fibrescope and the Macintosh laryngoscope. Anaesthesia 2005; 60: pp. 668-672.
  228. Robitaille A., Williams S.R., Tremblay M.H., et. al.: Cervical spine motion during tracheal intubation with manual in-line stabilization: Direct laryngoscopy versus GlideScope videolaryngoscopy. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: pp. 935-941. table of contents https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e318161769e
  229. Brimacombe J., Keller C., Kunzel K., et. al.: Cervical spine motion during airway management: A cinefluoroscopic study of the posteriorly destabilized third cervical vertebrae in human cadavers. Anesth Analg 2000; 91: pp. 1274-1278.
  230. Gerling M.C., Davis D.P., Hamilton R.S., et. al.: Effects of cervical spine immobilization technique and laryngoscope blade selection on an unstable cervical spine in a cadaver model of intubation. Ann Emerg Med 2000; 36: pp. 293-300.
  231. Laosuwan P., Earsakul A., Numkarunarunrote N., et. al.: Randomized cinefluoroscopic comparison of cervical spine motion using McGrath series 5 and Macintosh laryngoscope for intubation with manual in-line stabilization. J Med Assoc Thai 2015; 98: pp. S63-S69.
  232. Malik M.A., Maharaj C.H., Harte B.H., et. al.: Comparison of Macintosh, Truview EVO2, Glidescope, and Airwayscope laryngoscope use in patients with cervical spine immobilization. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101: pp. 723-730.
  233. Maruyama K., Yamada T., Kawakami R., et. al.: Randomized cross-over comparison of cervical-spine motion with the AirWay Scope or Macintosh laryngoscope with in-line stabilization: A video-fluoroscopic study. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101: pp. 563-567.
  234. Ruetzler K., Imach S., Weiss M., et. al.: Comparison of five video laryngoscopes and conventional direct laryngoscopy: Investigations on simple and simulated difficult airways on the intubation trainer. Anaesthesist 2015; 64: pp. 513-519.
  235. Suppan L., Tramer M.R., Niquille M., et. al.: Alternative intubation techniques vs Macintosh laryngoscopy in patients with cervical spine immobilization: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Anaesth 2016; 116: pp. 27-36.
  236. Bruck S., Trautner H., Wolff A., et. al.: Comparison of the C-MAC((R)) and GlideScope((R)) videolaryngoscopes in patients with cervical spine disorders and immobilisation. Anaesthesia 2015; 70: pp. 160-165.
  237. Yumul R., Elvir-Lazo O.L., White P.F., et. al.: Comparison of the C-MAC video laryngoscope to a flexible fiberoptic scope for intubation with cervical spine immobilization. J Clin Anesth 2016; 31: pp. 46-52.
  238. Holmes M.G., Dagal A., Feinstein B.A., et. al.: Airway management practice in adults with an unstable cervical spine: The harborview medical center experience. Anesth Analg 2018; 127: pp. 450-454.
  239. Houde B.J., Williams S.R., Cadrin-Chenevert A., et. al.: A comparison of cervical spine motion during orotracheal intubation with the trachlight(r) or the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: pp. 1638-1643.
  240. Afilalo M., Guttman A., Stern E., et. al.: Fiberoptic intubation in the emergency department: A case series. J Emerg Med 1993; 11: pp. 387-391.
  241. Brown M, Wade J, Marshall J: Fundamental importance of arterial oxygen content in the regulation of cerebral blood flow in man. Brain 1985;108(Pt 1):81-93.
  242. Floyd T.F., Clark J.M., Gelfand R., et. al.: Independent cerebral vasoconstrictive effects of hyperoxia and accompanying arterial hypocapnia at 1 ATA. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 95: pp. 2453-2461.
  243. Nakajima S., Meyer J.S., Amano T., et. al.: Cerebral vasomotor responsiveness during 100% oxygen inhalation in cerebral ischemia. Arch Neurol 1983; 40: pp. 271-276.
  244. Fiskum G., Rosenthal R.E., Vereczki V., et. al.: Protection against ischemic brain injury by inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative stress. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2004; 36: pp. 347-352.
  245. Halsey J.H., Conger K.A., Garcia J.H., et. al.: The contribution of reoxygenation to ischemic brain damage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991; 11: pp. 994-1000.
  246. Marsala J., Marsala M., Vanicky I., et. al.: Post cardiac arrest hyperoxic resuscitation enhances neuronal vulnerability of the respiratory rhythm generator and some brainstem and spinal cord neuronal pools in the dog. Neurosci Lett 1992; 146: pp. 121-124.
  247. Mickel H.S., Kempski O., Feuerstein G., et. al.: Prominent white matter lesions develop in Mongolian gerbils treated with 100% normobaric oxygen after global brain ischemia. Acta Neuropathol 1990; 79: pp. 465-472.
  248. Dings J., Meixensberger J., Jager A., et. al.: Clinical experience with 118 brain tissue oxygen partial pressure catheter probes. Neurosurgery 1998; 43: pp. 1982-1995.
  249. Meixensberger J., Vath A., Jaeger M., et. al.: Monitoring of brain tissue oxygenation following severe subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Res 2003; 25: pp. 445-450.
  250. Stiefel M.F., Spiotta A., Gracias V.H., et. al.: Reduced mortality rate in patients with severe traumatic brain injury treated with brain tissue oxygen monitoring. J Neurosurg 2005; 103: pp. 805-811.
  251. Valadka A.B., Gopinath S.P., Contant C.F., et. al.: Relationship of brain tissue PO2 to outcome after severe head injury. Crit Care Clin 1998; 26: pp. 1576-1581.
  252. van den Brink W.A., van Santbrink H., Steyerberg E.W., et. al.: Brain oxygen tension in severe head injury. Neurosurgery 2000; 46: pp. 876-878.
  253. van Santbrink H., vd Brink W.A., Steyerberg E.W., et. al.: Brain tissue oxygen response in severe traumatic brain injury. Acta Neruochir 2003; 145: pp. 429-438.
  254. Klein J.: Normobaric pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Anesth Analg 1990; 70: pp. 195-207.
  255. Shapiro H.M., Marshall L.F.: Intracranial pressure responses to PEEP in head-injured patients. J Trauma 1978; 18: pp. 254.
  256. Huseby J.S., Luce J.M., Cary J.M., et. al.: Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on intracranial pressure in dogs with intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg 1981; 55: pp. 704.
  257. Frost E.A.: Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on intracranial pressure and compliance in brain-injured patients. J Neurosurg 1977; 47: pp. 195-200.
  258. Aidinis S., Lafferty J., Shapiro H.: Intracranial responses to PEEP. Anesthesiology 1976; 45: pp. 275-286.
  259. Harken A.H., Brennan M.F., Smith B., et. al.: The hemodynamic response to positive end-expiratory ventilation in hypovolemic patients. Surgery 1974; 76: pp. 786-793.
  260. Luce J.M., Huseby J.S., Kirk W., et. al.: A Starling resistor regulates cerebral venous outflow in dogs. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1982; 53: pp. 1496.
  261. Georgiadis D., Schwarz S., Baumgartner R.W., et. al.: Influence of positive end-expiratory pressure on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with acute stroke. Stroke 2001; 32: pp. 2088-2092.
  262. Huynh T., Messer M., Sing R.F., et. al.: Positive end-expiratory pressure alters intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressure in severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2002; 53: pp. 488-492. discussion 492-483 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.Ta.0000025657.37314.2f
  263. Muench E., Bauhuf C., Roth H., et. al.: Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on regional cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, and brain tissue oxygenation. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: pp. 2367-2372.
  264. Boone M.D., Jinadasa S.P., Mueller A., et. al.: The effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on intracranial pressure and cerebral hemodynamics. Neurocrit Care 2017; 26: pp. 174-181.
  265. Briel M., Meade M., Mercat A., et. al.: Higher vs lower positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2010; 303: pp. 865-873.
  266. Aisiku I.P., Yamal J.M., Doshi P., et. al.: The incidence of ARDS and associated mortality in severe TBI using the Berlin definition. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016; 80: pp. 308-312.
  267. West J.: Respiratory Physiology – The essentials.1974.Williams and WilkinsBaltimore
  268. Harper A.M., Glass H.I.: Effect of alterations in the arterial carbon dioxide tension on the blood flow through the cerebral cortex at normal and low arterial blood pressures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1965; 28: pp. 449-452.
  269. Koehler R.C., Traystman R.J.: Bicarbonate ion modulation of cerebral blood flow during hypoxia and hypercapnia. Am J Phys 1982; 243: pp. H33-H40.
  270. Heffner J.E., Sahn S.A.: Controlled hyperventilation in patients with intracranial hypertension. Application and management. Arch Int Med 1983; 143: pp. 765-769.
  271. Coles J.P., Minhas P.S., Fryer T.D., et. al.: Effect of hyperventilation on cerebral blood flow in traumatic head injury: Clinical relevance and monitoring correlates. Crit Care Clin 2002; 30: pp. 1950-1959.
  272. Simon R.P., Niro M., Gwinn R.: Brain acidosis induced by hypercarbic ventilation attenuates focal ischemic injury. J Pharm & Exper Therap 1993; 267: pp. 1428-1431.
  273. Suehiro E., Fujisawa H., Ito H., et. al.: Brain temperature modifies glutamate neurotoxicity in vivo. J Neurotrauma 1999; 16: pp. 285-297.
  274. Thompson H.J., Tkacs N.C., Saatman K.E., et. al.: Hyperthermia following traumatic brain injury: A critical evaluation. Neurobiol Dis 2003; 12: pp. 163-173.
  275. Rosomoff H., Holaday D.: Cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption during hypothermia. Am J Physiol 1954; 179: pp. 85-88.
  276. Michenfelder J., Theye R.: The effects of anesthesia and hypothermia on canine cerebral ATP and lactate during anoxia produced by decapitation. Anesthesiology 1970; 33: pp. 430-439.
  277. Nemoto E.M., Klementavicius R., Melick J.A., et. al.: Suppression of cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) by mild hypothermia compared with thiopental. J Neurosurg Anesth 1996; 8: pp. 52-59.
  278. Busto R., Globus M., Dietrich W., et. al.: Effect of mild hypothermia on ischemia-induced release of neurotransmitters and free fatty acids in rat brain. Stroke 1989; 20: pp. 904-910.
  279. Polderman K.H.: Induced hypothermia and fever control for prevention and treatment of neurological injuries. Lancet 2008; 371: pp. 1955-1969.
  280. Observations on generalized refrigeration in cases of severe cerebral trauma : Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1943; 24: pp. 611-619.
  281. Bernard S.A., Mac C.J.B., Buist M.: Experience with prolonged induced hypothermia in severe head injury. Crit Care 1999; 3: pp. 167-172.
  282. Haverich A., Hagl C.: Organ protection during hypothermic circulatory arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 125: pp. 460-462.
  283. Wypij D., Newburger J., Rappaport L., et. al.: The effect of duration of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in infant heart surgery on late neurodevelopment: The Boston Circulatory Arrest Trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 126: pp. 1397-1403.
  284. Clifton G.L., Miller E.R., Choi S.C., et. al.: Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: pp. 556-563.
  285. Crossley S., Reid J., McLatchie R., et. al.: A systematic review of therapeutic hypothermia for adult patients following traumatic brain injury. Crit Care 2014; 18: pp. R75.
  286. McIntyre L.A., Fergusson D.A., Hebert P.C., et. al.: Prolonged therapeutic hypothermia after traumatic brain injury in adults: A systematic review. JAMA 2003; 289: pp. 2992-2999.
  287. Sydenham E., Roberts I., Alderson P.: Hypothermia for traumatic head injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;
  288. Clifton G.L., Valadka A., Zygun D., et. al.: Very early hypothermia induction in patients with severe brain injury (the National Acute Brain Injury Study: Hypothermia II): A randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 2011; 10: pp. 131-139.
  289. Hutchison J.S., Ward R.E., Lacroix J., et. al.: Hypothermia therapy after traumatic brain injury in children. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: pp. 2447-2456.
  290. Maekawa T., Yamashita S., Nagao S., et. al.: Prolonged mild therapeutic hypothermia versus fever control with tight hemodynamic monitoring and slow rewarming in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: A randomized controlled trial. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32: pp. 422-429.
  291. Andrews P.J., Sinclair H.L., Rodriguez A., et. al.: Hypothermia for intracranial hypertension after traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: pp. 2403-2412.
  292. Zhu Y., Yin H., Zhang R., et. al.: Therapeutic hypothermia versus normothermia in adult patients with traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis. Springerplus 2016; 5: pp. 801.
  293. Cooper DJ, Nichol AD, Bailey M, et al. Effect of early sustained prophylactic hypothermia on neurologic outcomes among patients with severe traumatic brain injury: the POLAR randomized clinical trial. JAMA . 2018;320(21):2211–2220. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.17075.
  294. Henderson W.R., Dhingra V.K., Chittock D.R., et. al.: Hypothermia in the management of traumatic brain injury. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: pp. 1637-1644.
  295. Liu W.G., Qiu W.S., Zhang Y., et. al.: Effects of selective brain cooling in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: A preliminary study. J Int Med Res 2006; 34: pp. 58-64.
  296. Qiu W., Zhang Y., Sheng H., et. al.: Effects of therapeutic mild hypothermia on patients with severe traumatic brain injury after craniotomy. J Crit Care 2007; 22: pp. 229-235.
  297. Laver S., Farrow C., Turner D., et. al.: Mode of death after admission to an intensive care unit following cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: pp. 2126-2128.
  298. Vargas M., Servillo G., Sutherasan Y., et. al.: Effects of in-hospital low targeted temperature after out of hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Resuscitation 2015; 91: pp. 8-18.
  299. Arrich J., Holzer M., Havel C., et. al.: Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016 2016; 2:
  300. Nielsen N., Wetterslev J., Cronberg T., et. al.: Targeted temperature management at 33 degrees C versus 36 degrees C after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: pp. 2197-2206.
  301. Cronberg T., Lilja G., Horn J., et. al.: Neurologic Function and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients Following Targeted Temperature Management at 33 degrees C vs 36 degrees C After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72: pp. 634-641.
  302. Bernard S.A., Gray T.W., Buist M.D., et. al.: Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: pp. 557-563.
  303. Gebhardt K., Guyette F.X., Doshi A.A., et. al.: Prevalence and effect of fever on outcome following resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2013; 84: pp. 1062-1067.
  304. Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group : Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: pp. 549-556.
  305. Zeiner A., Holzer M., Sterz F., et. al.: Hyperthermia after cardiac arrest is associated with an unfavorable neurologic outcome. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: pp. 2007-2012.
  306. Kirkegaard H., Soreide E., de Haas I., et. al.: Targeted temperature management for 48 vs 24 hours and neurologic outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2017; 318: pp. 341-350.
  307. Bernard S.A., Smith K., Cameron P., et. al.: Induction of therapeutic hypothermia by paramedics after resuscitation from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest: A randomized controlled trial. Circulation 2010; 122: pp. 737-742.
  308. Bernard S.A., Smith K., Finn J., et. al.: Induction of therapeutic hypothermia during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using a rapid infusion of cold saline: The RINSE trial (Rapid Infusion of Cold Normal Saline). Circulation 2016; 134: pp. 797-805.
  309. Bucher J., Koyfman A.: Does Initiation of therapeutic hypothermia in the out-of-hospital environment improve neurologic outcomes?. Ann Emerg Med 2015; 66: pp. 379-380.
  310. Kim F., Nichol G., Maynard C., et. al.: Effect of prehospital induction of mild hypothermia on survival and neurological status among adults with cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014; 311: pp. 45-52.
  311. Metter R.B., Rittenberger J.C., Guyette F.X., et. al.: Association between a quantitative CT scan measure of brain edema and outcome after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2011; 82: pp. 1180-1185.
  312. Seule M.A., Muroi C., Mink S., et. al.: Therapeutic hypothermia in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, refractory intracranial hypertension, or cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurgery 2009; 64: pp. 86-92. discussion 92–83 https://doi.org/10.1227/01.Neu.0000336312.32773.A0
  313. Sadaka F., Veremakis C.: Therapeutic hypothermia for the management of intracranial hypertension in severe traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. Brain Inj 2012; 26: pp. 899-908.
  314. Stravitz R.T., Larsen F.S.: Therapeutic hypothermia for acute liver failure. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: pp. S258-S264.
  315. Moore T.M., Callaway C.W., Hostler D.: Core temperature cooling in healthy volunteers after rapid intravenous infusion of cold and room temperature saline solution. Ann Emerg Med 2008; 51: pp. 153-159.
  316. Chamorro C., Borrallo J.M., Romera M.A., et. al.: Anesthesia and analgesia protocol during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: A systematic review. Anesth Analg 2010; 110: pp. 1328-1335.
  317. Callaway C.W., Elmer J., Guyette F.X., et. al.: Dexmedetomidine reduces shivering during mild hypothermia in waking subjects. PLoS One 2015; 10:
  318. Abend N.S., Topjian A., Ichord R., et. al.: Electroencephalographic monitoring during hypothermia after pediatric cardiac arrest. Neurology 2009; 72: pp. 1931-1940.
  319. Rittenberger J.C., Guyette F.X., Tisherman S.A., et. al.: Outcomes of a hospital-wide plan to improve care of comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2008; 79: pp. 198-204.
  320. Heard K.J., Peberdy M.A., Sayre M.R., et. al.: A randomized controlled trial comparing the Arctic Sun to standard cooling for induction of hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2010; 81: pp. 9-14.
  321. Jeppesen A.N., Hvas A.M., Duez C.H.V., et. al.: Prolonged targeted temperature management compromises thrombin generation: A randomised clinical trial. Resuscitation 2017; 118: pp. 126-132.
  322. Nielsen N., Hovdenes J., Nilsson F., et. al.: Outcome, timing and adverse events in therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53: pp. 926-934.
  323. Perbet S., Mongardon N., Dumas F., et. al.: Early-onset pneumonia after cardiac arrest: Characteristics, risk factors and influence on prognosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184: pp. 1048-1054.
  324. Polderman K.H., Herold I.: Therapeutic hypothermia and controlled normothermia in the intensive care unit: Practical considerations, side effects, and cooling methods. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: pp. 1101-1120.
  325. Polderman K.H., Peerdeman S.M., Girbes A.R.: Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia induced by cooling in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg 2001; 94: pp. 697-705.
  326. van den Broek M.P., Groenendaal F., Egberts A.C., et. al.: Effects of hypothermia on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies. Clin Pharmacokinet 2010; 49: pp. 277-294.
  327. Childs C., Vail A., Leach P., et. al.: Brain temperature and outcome after severe traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care 2006; 5: pp. 10-14.
  328. Thompson H.J., Pinto-Martin J., Bullock M.R.: Neurogenic fever after traumatic brain injury: An epidemiological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74: pp. 614-619.
  329. Marion D.W., Penrod L.E., Kelsey S.F., et. al.: Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: pp. 540-546.
  330. Rossitch E., Bullard D.E.: The autonomic dysfunction syndrome: Aetiology and treatment. Brit J Neurosurgery 1988; 2: pp. 471-478.
  331. Commichau C., Scarmeas N., Mayer S.A.: Risk factors for fever in the neurologic intensive care unit. Neurology 2003; 60: pp. 837-841.
  332. Azzimondi G., Bassein L., Nonino F., et. al.: Fever in acute stroke worsens prognosis: A prospective study. Stroke 1995; 26: pp. 2043-2050.
  333. Reith J., Jorgensen H., Pedersen P., et. al.: Body temperature in acute stroke: Relation to stroke severity, infarct size, mortality, and outcome. Lancet 1996; 347: pp. 422-425.
  334. Ginsberg M., Busto R.: Combating hypothermia in acute stroke: A significant clinical concern. Stroke 1998; 29: pp. 529-534.
  335. Dietrich W.D.: The importance of brain temperature in cerebral injury. J Neurotrauma 1992; 9: pp. S475-S485.
  336. Hinson H.E., Schreiber M.A., Laurie A.L., et. al.: Early fever as a predictor of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2017; 32: pp. E50-E54.
  337. Elf K., Nilsson P., Ronne-Engstrom E., et. al.: Temperature disturbances in traumatic brain injury: Relationship to secondary insults, barbiturate treatment and outcome. Neurol Res 2008; 30: pp. 1097-1105.
  338. Sacho R.H., Vail A., Rainey T., et. al.: The effect of spontaneous alterations in brain temperature on outcome: A prospective observational cohort study in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27: pp. 2157-2164.
  339. Spiotta A.M., Stiefel M.F., Heuer G.G., et. al.: Brain hyperthermia after traumatic brain injury does not reduce brain oxygen. Neurosurgery 2008; 62: pp. 864-872. discussion 872 https://doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000316900.63124.ce
  340. Geffroy A., Bronchard R., Merckx P., et. al.: Severe traumatic head injury in adults: Which patients are at risk of early hyperthermia?. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: pp. 785-790.
  341. Bachert C., Chuchalin A., Eisebitt R., et. al.: Aspirin compared with acetaminophen in the treatment of fever and other symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection in adults: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, single-dose, 6-hour dose-ranging study. Clin Ther 2005; 27: pp. 993-1003.
  342. Grebe W., Ionescu E., Gold M.S., et. al.: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo- and active-controlled, parallel-group comparison of diclofenac-K and ibuprofen for the treatment of adults with influenza-like symptoms. Clin Therapeutics 2003; 25: pp. 444-458.
  343. Dippel D.W., van Breda E.J., van der Worp H.B., et. al.: PISA-Investigators: Effect of paracetamol (acetaminophen) and ibuprofen on body temperature in acute ischemic stroke PISA, a phase II double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial [ISRCTN98608690]. BMC Cardiovas Disorders 2003; 3: pp. 2.
  344. Johnston S., Pelletier L.: Enhanced hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in the alcoholic patient: Two case reports and a review of the literature. Medicine 1997; 75: pp. 185-191.
  345. Lewis S.C., Langman M.J., Laporte J.R., et. al.: Dose-response relationships between individual nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NANSAIDs) and serious upper gastrointestinal bleeding a meta-analysis based on individual patient data. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 54: pp. 320-326.
  346. Diringer M.N.: Neurocritical Care Fever Reduction Trial Group: Treatment of fever in the neurologic intensive care unit with a catheter-based heat exchange system. Crit Care Clin 2004; 32: pp. 559-564.
  347. Falkowska A., Gutowska I., Goschorska M., et. al.: Energy Metabolism of the brain, including the cooperation between astrocytes and neurons, especially in the context of glycogen metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16: pp. 25959-25981.
  348. Simpson I.A., Carruthers A., Vannucci S.J.: Supply and demand in cerebral energy metabolism: The role of nutrient transporters. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007; 27: pp. 1766-1791.
  349. De Salles A.A., Muizelaar J.P., Young H.F.: Hyperglycemia, cerebrospinal fluid lactic acidosis, and CBF in severely head-injured patients. Neurosurgery 1987; 21: pp. 45.
  350. Pulsinelli W.A., Levy D.E., Sigsbee B., et. al.: Increased damage after ischemic stroke in patients with hyperglycemia with or without established diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 1983; 74: pp. 540.
  351. Rehncrona S., Rosen I., Siesjo B.: Brain lactic acidosis and ischemic cell damage: 1. Biochemistry and neurophysiology. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1981; 1: pp. 297.
  352. Siemkowicz E.: Hyperglycemia in the reperfusion period hampers recovery from cerebral ischemia. Acta Neurolog Scand 1981; 64: pp. 207.
  353. Lanier W.L., Stangland K.J., Scheithauer B.W., et. al.: The effects of dextrose infusion and head position on neurologic outcome after complete cerebral ischemia in primates: Examination of a model. Anesthesiology 1987; 66: pp. 39.
  354. Li P.A., Shamloo M., Smith M.L., et. al.: The influence of plasma glucose concentrations on ischemic brain damage is a threshold function. Neurosci Lett 1994; 177: pp. 63.
  355. Siemkowicz E., Gjedde A.: Post-ischemic coma in rat: Effect of different pre-ischemic blood glucose levels on cerebral metabolic recovery after ischemia. Acta Physiol Scand 1980; 110: pp. 225.
  356. Warner D.S., Gionet T.X., Todd M.M., et. al.: Insulin-induced normoglycemia improves ischemic outcome in hyperglycemic rats. Stroke 1992; 23: pp. 1775.
  357. Bosarge P.L., Shoultz T.H., Griffin R.L., et. al.: Stress-induced hyperglycemia is associated with higher mortality in severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015; 79: pp. 289-294.
  358. Weaver L.C., Bao F., Dekaban G.A., et. al.: CD11d integrin blockade reduces the systemic inflammatory response syndrome after traumatic brain injury in rats. Exp Neurol 2015; 271: pp. 409-422.
  359. Ruan H., Hacohen N., Golub T.R., et. al.: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha suppresses adipocyte-specific genes and activates expression of preadipocyte genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: Nuclear factor-kappaB activation by TNF-alpha is obligatory. Diabetes 2002; 51: pp. 1319-1336.
  360. Ley E.J., Srour M.K., Clond M.A., et. al.: Diabetic patients with traumatic brain injury: Insulin deficiency is associated with increased mortality. J Trauma 2011; 70: pp. 1141-1144.
  361. Liou D.Z., Singer M.B., Barmparas G., et. al.: Insulin-dependent diabetes and serious trauma. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2016; 42: pp. 491-496.
  362. Broshek D.K., De Marco A.P., Freeman J.R.: A review of post-concussion syndrome and psychological factors associated with concussion. Brain Inj 2015; 29: pp. 228-237.
  363. Howe L.L.: Giving context to post-deployment post-concussive-like symptoms: Blast-related potential mild traumatic brain injury and comorbidities. Clin Neuropsychol 2009; 23: pp. 1315-1337.
  364. Young A.M.H., Adams H., Donnelly J., et. al.: Glycemia is related to impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation after severe pediatric traumatic brain injury: A retrospective observational study. Front Pediatr 2017; 5: pp. 205.
  365. Bochicchio G.V., Sung J., Joshi M., et. al.: Persistent hyperglycemia is predictive of outcome in critically ill trauma patients. J Trauma 2005; 58: pp. 921-924.
  366. Jeremitsky E., Omert L.A., Dunham C.M., et. al.: The impact of hyperglycemia on patients with severe brain injury. J Trauma 2005; 58: pp. 47-50.
  367. Sung J., Bochicchio G.V., Joshi M., et. al.: Admission hyperglycemia is predictive of outcome in critically ill trauma patients. J Trauma 2005; 59: pp. 80-83.
  368. Candelise L., Landi G., Orazio E.N., et. al.: Prognostic significance of hyperglycemia in acute stroke. Arch Neurol 1985; 42: pp. 661-663.
  369. Capes S.E., Hunt D., Malmberg K., et. al.: Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: A systematic overview. Stroke 2001; 32: pp. 2426-2432.
  370. McCall S.J., Alanazi T.A., Clark A.B., et. al.: Hyperglycaemia and the SOAR stroke score in predicting mortality. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2018; 15: pp. 114-121.
  371. Mi D., Wang P., Yang B., et. al.: Correlation of hyperglycemia with mortality after acute ischemic stroke. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018; 11:
  372. Pan Y., Cai X., Jing J., et. al.: Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of minor ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack: The CHANCE study (Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients With Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events). Stroke 2017; 48: pp. 3006-3011.
  373. Saposnik G., Young B., Silver B., et. al.: Lack of improvement in patients with acute stroke after treatment with thrombolytic therapy: Predictors and association with outcome. JAMA 2004; 292: pp. 1839-1844.
  374. Yong M., Kaste M.: Dynamic of hyperglycemia as a predictor of stroke outcome in the ECASS-II trial. Stroke 2008; 39: pp. 2749-2755.
  375. Broderick J., Hagen T., Brott T., et. al.: Hyperglycemia and hemorrhagic transformation of cerebral infarcts. Stroke 1995; 26: pp. 484.
  376. de Courten-Myers G.M., Kleinholz M., Holm P., et. al.: Hemorrhagic infarct conversion in experimental stroke. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21: pp. 120.
  377. de Courten-Myers G., Myers R.E., Schoolfield L.: Hyperglycemia enlarges infarct size in cerebrovascular occlusion in cats. Stroke 1988; 19: pp. 623.
  378. Duverger D., MacKenzie E.T.: The quantification of cerebral infarction following focal ischemia in the rat: influence of strain, arterial pressure, blood glucose concentration, and age. [Review]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1988; 8: pp. 449.
  379. Ginsberg M.D., Prado R., Dietrich W.D., et. al.: Hyperglycemia reduces the extent of cerebral infarction in rats. Stroke 1987; 18: pp. 570.
  380. Kraft S., Larson C.J., Shuer L., et. al.: Effect of hyperglycemia on neuronal changes in a rabbit model of focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1990; 21: pp. 447.
  381. Kushner M., Nencini P., Reivich M., et. al.: Relation of hyperglycemia early in ischemic brain infarction to cerebral anatomy, metabolism, and clinical outcome. Ann Neurol 1990; 28: pp. 129.
  382. Matchar D.B., Divine G.W., Heyman A., et. al.: The influence of hyperglycemia on outcome of cerebral infarction. Ann Int Med 1992; 117: pp. 449.
  383. Murros K., Fogelholm R., Kettunen S., et. al.: Serum cortisol and outcome of ischemic brain infarction. J Neuro Sci 1993; 116: pp. 12.
  384. Murros K., Fogelholm R., Kettunen S., et. al.: Blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, and outcome of ischemic brain infarction. J Neuro Sci 1992; 111: pp. 59.
  385. Nedergaard M.: Transient focal ischemia in hyperglycemic rats is associated with increased cerebral infarction. Brain Res 1987; 408: pp. 79.
  386. Nedergaard M.: Mechanisms of brain damage in focal cerebral ischemia. [Review]. Acta Neurol Scand 1988; 77: pp. 81.
  387. Nedergaard M., Astrup J.: Infarct rim: Effect of hyperglycemia on direct current potential and 14C]2-deoxyglucose phosphorylation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1986; 6: pp. 607.
  388. Prado R., Ginsberg M., Dietrich W., et. al.: Hyperglycemia increases infarct size in collaterally perfused but not end-arterial vascular territories. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1988; 8: pp. 186-192.
  389. Sieber F., Traystman R.: Special issues: Glucose and the brain. [Review]. Crit Care Med 1992; 20: pp. 104.
  390. Vazquez-Cruz J., Marti-Vilalta J., Ferrer I., et. al.: Progressing cerebral infarction in relation to plasma glucose in gerbils. Stroke 1990; 21: pp. 1621.
  391. Yip P.K., He Y.Y., Hsu C.Y., et. al.: Effect of plasma glucose on infarct size in focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Neurology 1991; 41: pp. 899.
  392. Zasslow M.A., Pearl R.G., Shuer L.M., et. al.: Hyperglycemia decreases acute neuronal ischemic changes after middle cerebral artery occlusion in cats. Stroke 1989; 20: pp. 519.
  393. Bhatia A., Cadman B., Mackenzie I.: Hypoglycemia and cardiac arrest in a critically ill patient on strict glycemic control. Anesth Analg 2006; 102: pp. 549-551.
  394. Dickerson R.N., Wilson V.C., Maish G.O., et. al.: Transitional NPH insulin therapy for critically ill patients receiving continuous enteral nutrition and intravenous regular human insulin. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 37: pp. 506-516.
  395. Kofke W., Ahdab-Barmada M., Rose M., et. al.: Substantia nigra damage after flurothyl-induced seizures in rats worsens after post seizure recovery: No exacerbation with hyperglycemia. Neurol Res 1993; 15: pp. 333.
  396. Swan J., Meldrum B., Simon R.: Hyperglycemia does not augment neuronal damage in experimental status epilepticus. Neurology 1986; 36: pp. 1351.
  397. Ingvar M., Folbegrova J., Siesjo B.: Metabolic alterations underlying the development of hypermetabolic necrosis in the substantia nigra in status epilepticus. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1987; 7: pp. 103.
  398. Huang C.W., Cheng J.T., Tsai J.J., et. al.: Diabetic hyperglycemia aggravates seizures and status epilepticus-induced hippocampal damage. Neurotox Res 2009; 15: pp. 71-81.
  399. Rosner M., Becker D.: The etiology of plateau waves: A theoretical model and experimental observations.Nagai I.S.H.Brock M.Intracranial Pressure.1983.Springer-VerlagNew York:pp. 301.
  400. Matakas F., Von Waechter R., Knupling R., et. al.: Increase in cerebral perfusion pressure by arterial hypertension in brain swelling. A mathematical model of the volume-pressure relationship. J Neurosurg 1975; 42: pp. 282.
  401. Werner C., Hoffman W.E., Thomas C., et. al.: Ganglionic blockade improves neurologic outcome from incomplete ischemia in rats: partial reversal by exogenous catecholamines. Anesthesiology 1990; 73: pp. 923.
  402. Hoffman W.E., Kochs E., Werner C., et. al.: Dexmedetomidine improves neurologic outcome from incomplete ischemia in the rat. Reversal by the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist atipamezole. Anesthesiology 1991; 75: pp. 328.
  403. Werner C., Hoffman W.E., Kochs E., et. al.: Captopril improves neurologic outcome from incomplete cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 1991; 22: pp. 910.
  404. Busto R., Harik S., Yoshida S., et. al.: Cerebral norepinephrine depletion enhances recovery after brain ischemia. Ann Neurol 1985; 18: pp. 329.
  405. Kofke W., Garman R., Garman R., et. al.: Opioid neurotoxicity: Role of neurotransmitter systems[Abstract]. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1995; 7: pp. 321.
  406. Neil-Dwyer G., Walter P., Cruickshank J.: Beta-blockade benefits patients following a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1985; 28: pp. 25.
  407. Orlowski J.P., Shiesley D., Vidt D.G., et. al.: Labetalol to control blood pressure after cerebrovascular surgery. Crit Care Med 1988; 16: pp. 765-768.
  408. Schroeder T., Schierbeck J., Howardy P., et. al.: Effect of labetalol on CBF and middle cerebral arterial flow velocity in healthy volunteers. Neurol Res 1991; 13: pp. 10.
  409. Van Aken H., Puchstein C., Schweppe M.L., et. al.: Effect of labetalol on intracranial pressure in dogs with and without intracranial hypertension. Acta Anaesth Scand 1982; 26: pp. 615.
  410. Alps B., Calder C., Hass W., et. al.: Comparative protective effects of nicardipine, flunarizine, lidoflazine and nimodipine against ischaemic injury in the hippocampus of the Mongolian gerbil. Br J Pharmacol 1988; 93: pp. 877-883.
  411. Anonymous : A multicenter trial of the efficacy of nimodipine on outcome after severe head injury. The European study group on nimodipine in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 1994; 80: pp. 797-804.
  412. Grotta J., Spydell J., Pettigrew C., et. al.: The effect of nicardipine on neuronal function following ischemia. Stroke 1986; 17: pp. 213.
  413. Kakarieka A., Schakel E.H., Fritze J.: Clinical experiences with nimodipine in cerebral ischemia. [Review]. J Neural Trans Suppl 1994; 43: pp. 13.
  414. Kucharczyk J., Chew W., Derugin N., et. al.: Nicardipine reduces ischemic brain injury. Magnetic resonance imaging/spectroscopy study in cats. Stroke 1989; 20: pp. 268.
  415. Pickard J.D., Murray G.D., Illingworth R., et. al.: Effect of oral nimodipine on cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage: British aneurysm nimodipine trial. BMJ 1989; 298: pp. 636-642.
  416. Rosenbaum D., Zabramski J., Frey J., et. al.: Early treatment of ischemic stroke with a calcium antagonis. Stroke 1991; 22: pp. 437.
  417. Bedford R., Dacey R., Winn H., et. al.: Adverse impact of a calcium entry-blocker (verapamil) on intracranial pressure in patients with brain tumors. J Neurosurg 1983; 59: pp. 800.
  418. Hayashi M., Kobayashi H., Kawano H., et. al.: Treatment of systemic hypertension and intracranial hypertension and intracranial hypertension in cases of brain hemorrhage. Stroke 1988; 19: pp. 314.
  419. Stanek B., Zimpfer M., Fitzal S., et. al.: Plasma catecholamines, plasma renin activity and haemodynamics during sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension and additional beta-blockage with bunitrolol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1981; 19: pp. 317.
  420. Hockel K., Diedler J., Steiner J., et. al.: Effect of intra-arterial and intravenous nimodipine therapy of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage on cerebrovascular reactivity and oxygenation. World Neurosurg 2017; 101: pp. 372-378.
  421. Stiefel M.F., Heuer G.G., Abrahams J.M., et. al.: The effect of nimodipine on cerebral oxygenation in patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2004; 101: pp. 594-599.
  422. Dohi S., Matsumoto M., Takahashi T.: The effects of nitroglycerin on cerebrospinal fluid pressure in awake and anesthetized humans. Anesthesiology 1981; 54: pp. 511.
  423. Griswold W., Roznik V., Mendoza S.: Nitroprusside induced intracranial hypertension. JAMA 1981; 246: pp. 2679.
  424. Marsh M.L., Shapiro H.M., Smith R.W., et. al.: Changes in neurologic status and intracranial pressure associated with sodium nitroprusside administration. Anesthesiology 1979; 51: pp. 336.
  425. Langfitt T.W., Marshall W.J., Kassell N.F., et. al.: The pathophysiology of brain swelling produced by mechanical trauma and hypertension. Surg Forum 1968; 19: pp. 431.
  426. Marshall W.J., Jackson J.L., Langfitt T.W.: Brain swelling caused by trauma and arterial hypertension. Hemodynamic aspects. Arch Neuro 1969; 21: pp. 545.
  427. Marshall W.J., Weinstein J.D., Langfitt T.W.: The pathophysiology of brain swelling produced by mechanical trauma and hypertension. Surg Forum 1968; 19: pp. 431-432.
  428. Meinig G., Reulen H.J., Hadjidimos A., et. al.: Induction of filtration edema by extreme reduction of cerebrovascular resistance associated with hypertension. Eur Neuro 1972; 8: pp. 97.
  429. Schutta H.S., Kassell N.F., Langfitt T.W.: Brain swelling produced by injury and aggravated by arterial hypertension. A light and electron microscopic study. Brain 1968; 91: pp. 281.
  430. Olesen J.: The effect of intracarotid epinephrine, norepinephrine, and angiotensin on the regional CBF in man. Neurology 1972; 22: pp. 978-987.
  431. MacKenzie E., McCulloch J., Harper A.: Influence of endogenous norepinephrine on CBF and metabolism. Am J Physiol 1976; 231: pp. 489.
  432. Darby J.M., Yonas H., Marks E.C., et. al.: Acute CBF response to dopamine-induced hypertension after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1994; 80: pp. 857.
  433. Stein S.C., Cracco R.Q.: Cortical injury without ischemia produced by topical monoamines. Stroke 1982; 13: pp. 74.
  434. Hindman B.J., Funatsu N., Cheng D.C., et. al.: Differential effect of oncotic pressure on cerebral and extracerebral water content during cardiopulmonary bypass in rabbits. Anesthesiology 1990; 73: pp. 951.
  435. Kaieda R., Todd M.M., Cook L.N., et. al.: Acute effects of changing plasma osmolality and colloid oncotic pressure on the formation of brain edema after cryogenic injury. Neurosurgery 1989; 24: pp. 671.
  436. Kaieda R., Todd M., Warner D.: Prolonged reduction in colloid oncotic pressure does not increase brain edema following cryogenic injury in rabbits. Anesthesiology 1989; 71: pp. 554.
  437. Tommasino C., Moore S., Todd M.M.: Cerebral effects of isovolemic hemodilution with crystalloid or colloid solutions. Crit Care Med 1988; 16: pp. 862.
  438. Zornow M.H., Scheller M.S., Todd M.M., et. al.: Acute cerebral effects of isotonic crystalloid and colloid solutions following cryogenic brain injury in the rabbit. Anesthesiology 1988; 69: pp. 180.
  439. Zornow M.H., Todd M.M., Moore S.S.: The acute cerebral effects of changes in plasma osmolality and oncotic pressure. Anesthesiology 1987; 67: pp. 936.
  440. Cruickshank J.M., Neil-Dwyer G., Lane J.: The effect of oral propranolol upon the ECG changes occurring in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cardiovasc Res 1975; 9: pp. 236.
  441. Kolin A., Norris J.W.: Myocardial damage from acute cerebral lesions. Stroke 1984; 15: pp. 990.
  442. Kono T., Morita H., Kuroiwa T., et. al.: Left ventricular wall motion abnormalities in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: Neurogenic stunned myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 24: pp. 636.
  443. Svengaard N., Brismar J., Delgado T., et. al.: Subarachnoid haemorrhage in the rat: Effect on the development of vasospasm of selective lesions of the catecholamine systems in the lower brain stem. Stroke 1985; 16: pp. 602.
  444. Svengaard N., Delgado T., Arbab M.: Catecholaminergic and peptidergic systems underlying cerebral vasospasm: CBF and CMRgl changes following an experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat. Proceedings fo the Charlottesville Conference Held April29-May 1.Wilkins R.Cerebral Vasospasm.1987.Raven PressNew York:pp. 175.
  445. Karpman H., Sheppard J.: Effect of papaverine hydrochloride on CBF as measured by forehead thermograms. Angiology 1975; 26: pp. 592.
  446. Oldendorf W.H., Kitano M.: Radioisotope measurement of brain blood turnover time as a clinical index of brain circulation. J Nucl Med 1967; 8: pp. 570.
  447. Griffith D., James I., Newbury P., et. al.: The effect of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs on CBF. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1979; 7: pp. 491.
  448. Schmidt J.: Changes in human CBF estimated by the (A-V) O2 difference method. Dan Med Bull 1992; 39: pp. 335.
  449. Dickman C.A., Carter L.P., Baldwin H.Z., et. al.: Continuous regional cerebral blood flow monitoring in acute craniocerebral trauma. Neurosurgery 1991; 28: pp. 467-472.
  450. Pearson R., Griffity D., Woollard M., et. al.: Comparisons of effects on CBF of rapid reduction in systemic arterial pressure by diazoxide and labetalol in hypertensive patients: Preliminary findings. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1979; 8: pp. 195S.
  451. Olesen J., Hougard K., Hertz M.: Isoproterenol and propranolol: Ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and effects on cerebral circulation in man. Stroke 1978; 9: pp. 344.
  452. Merrick M.V., Ferrington C.M., Cowen S.J.: Parametric imaging of cerebral vascular reserves. 1. Theory, validation and normal values. Eur J Nucl Med 1991; 18: pp. 171.
  453. Gould R.: Perfusion quantitation by ultrafast computed tomography. Invest Radiol 1992; 27: pp. S18.
  454. Hartmann A., Dettmers C., Schuler F., et. al.: Effect of stable xenon on regional CBF and the electroencephalogram in normal volunteers. Stroke 1991; 22: pp. 181.
  455. Burcar P., Norenberg M., Yarnell P.: Hyponatremia and central pontine myelinolysis. Neurology 1977; 27: pp. 223.
  456. Borgstrom L., Johannsson H., Siesjo B.: The influence of acute normovolemic anemia on cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption of anesthetized rats. Acta Physiol Scand 1975; 93: pp. 505-514.
  457. Griesdale D.E., Sekhon M.S., Menon D.K., et. al.: Hemoglobin area and time index above 90 g/L are associated with improved 6-month functional outcomes in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care 2015; 23: pp. 78-84.
  458. Oddo M., Levine J.M., Kumar M., et. al.: Anemia and brain oxygen after severe traumatic brain injury. Intensive Care Med 2012; 38: pp. 1497-1504.
  459. Salim A., Hadjizacharia P., DuBose J., et. al.: Role of anemia in traumatic brain injury. J Am Coll Surg 2008; 207: pp. 398-406.
  460. Walsh T.S., Saleh E.E.: Anaemia during critical illness. Br J Anaesth 2006; 97: pp. 278-291.
  461. Sharma D., Vavilala M.S.: Perioperative management of adult traumatic brain injury. Anesthesiol Clin 2012; 30: pp. 333-346.
  462. Weiskopf R.B., Feiner J., Hopf H., et. al.: Heart rate increases linearly in response to acute isovolemic anemia. Transfusion 2003; 43: pp. 235-240.
  463. Spahn D.R., Leone B.J., Reves J.G., et. al.: Cardiovascular and coronary physiology of acute isovolemic hemodilution: A review of nonoxygen-carrying and oxygen-carrying solutions. Anesth Analg 1994; 78: pp. 1000-1021.
  464. McLaren A.T., Mazer C.D., Zhang H., et. al.: A potential role for inducible nitric oxide synthase in the cerebral response to acute hemodilution. Can J Anaesth 2009; 56: pp. 502-509.
  465. Rangel-Castilla L., Gasco J., Nauta H.J., et. al.: Cerebral pressure autoregulation in traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Focus 2008; 25: pp. E7.
  466. Duane T.M., Mayglothling J., Grandhi R., et. al.: The effect of anemia and blood transfusions on mortality in closed head injury patients. J Surg Res 2008; 147: pp. 163-167.
  467. Van Beek J.G., Mushkudiani N.A., Steyerberg E.W., et. al.: Prognostic value of admission laboratory parameters in traumatic brain injury: Results from the IMPACT study. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24: pp. 315-328.
  468. Carlson A.P., Schermer C.R., Lu S.W.: Retrospective evaluation of anemia and transfusion in traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2006; 61: pp. 567-571.
  469. McIntyre L.A., Fergusson D.A., Hutchison J.S., et. al.: Effect of a liberal versus restrictive transfusion strategy on mortality in patients with moderate to severe head injury. Neurocrit Care 2006; 5: pp. 4-9.
  470. Schirmer-Mikalsen K., Vik A., Gisvold S.E., et. al.: Severe head injury: Control of physiological variables, organ failure and complications in the intensive care unit. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51: pp. 1194-1201.
  471. Acker S.N., Partrick D.A., Ross J.T., et. al.: Blood component transfusion increases the risk of death in children with traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014; 76: pp. 1082-1087. discussion 1087-1088 https://doi.org/10.1097/ta.0000000000000095
  472. Almeida K.J., Rodrigues A.B., Lemos L.E., et. al.: Hemotransfusion and mechanical ventilation time are associated with intra-hospital mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury admitted to intensive care unit. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2016; 74: pp. 644-649.
  473. Boutin A., Moore L., Lauzier F., et. al.: Transfusion of red blood cells in patients with traumatic brain injuries admitted to Canadian trauma health centres: A multicentre cohort study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:
  474. Elterman J., Brasel K., Brown S., et. al.: Transfusion of red blood cells in patients with a prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8 or less and no evidence of shock is associated with worse outcomes. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 75: pp. 8-14. discussion 14 https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e318298492e
  475. George M.E., Skarda D.E., Watts C.R., et. al.: Aggressive red blood cell transfusion: no association with improved outcomes for victims of isolated traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care 2008; 8: pp. 337-343.
  476. Leal-Noval S.R., Munoz-Serrano A., Arellano-Orden V., et. al.: Effects of red blood cell transfusion on long-term disability of patients with traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care 2016; 24: pp. 371-380.
  477. Warner M.A., O’Keeffe T., Bhavsar P., et. al.: Transfusions and long-term functional outcomes in traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2010; 113: pp. 539-546.
  478. Hajjar L.A., Vincent J.L., Galas F.R., et. al.: Transfusion requirements after cardiac surgery: The TRACS randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010; 304: pp. 1559-1567.
  479. Hebert P.C., Wells G., Blajchman M.A., et. al.: A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: pp. 409-417.
  480. Lacroix J., Hebert P.C., Hutchison J.S., et. al.: Transfusion strategies for patients in pediatric intensive care units. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: pp. 1609-1619.
  481. Robertson C.S., Hannay H.J., Yamal J.M., et. al.: Effect of erythropoietin and transfusion threshold on neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014; 312: pp. 36-47.
  482. Carson J.L., Guyatt G., Heddle N.M., et. al.: Clinical practice guidelines from the AABB: Red blood cell transfusion thresholds and storage. JAMA 2016; 316: pp. 2025-2035.
  483. Napolitano L.M., Kurek S., Luchette F.A., et. al.: Clinical practice guideline: red blood cell transfusion in adult trauma and critical care. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: pp. 3124-3157.
  484. Retter A., Wyncoll D., Pearse R., et. al.: Guidelines on the management of anaemia and red cell transfusion in adult critically ill patients. Br J Haematol 2013; 160: pp. 445-464.
  485. Rossaint R., Bouillon B., Cerny V., et. al.: The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: fourth edition. Crit Care 2016; 20: pp. 100.
  486. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Management : Practice guidelines for perioperative blood management: An updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Management*. Anesthesiology 2015; 122: pp. 241-275.
  487. Ditunno J.F., Little J.W., Tessler A., et. al.: Spinal shock revisited: a four-phase model. Spinal Cord 2004; 42: pp. 383-395.
  488. Furlan J.C., Fehlings M.G.: Cardiovascular complications after acute spinal cord injury: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Neurosurg Focus 2008; 25: pp. E13.
  489. Lehmann K.G., Lane J.G., Piepmeier J.M., et. al.: Cardiovascular abnormalities accompanying acute spinal cord injury in humans: Incidence, time course and severity. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987; 10: pp. 46-52.
  490. Silver J.R.: Early autonomic dysreflexia. Spinal Cord 2000; 38: pp. 229-233.
  491. Krassioukov A.V., Furlan J.C., Fehlings M.G.: Autonomic dysreflexia in acute spinal cord injury: An under-recognized clinical entity. J Neurotrauma 2003; 20: pp. 707-716.
  492. Berlly M., Shem K.: Respiratory management during the first five days after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2007; 30: pp. 309-318.
  493. Kao C.H., Ho Y.J., Changlai S.P., et. al.: Gastric emptying in spinal cord injury patients. Dig Dis Sci 1999; 44: pp. 1512-1515.
  494. Karlsson A.K.: Autonomic dysfunction in spinal cord injury: clinical presentation of symptoms and signs. Prog Brain Res 2006; 152: pp. 1-8.
  495. Romero Ganuza F.J., La Banda G., Montalvo R., et. al.: Acute acalculous cholecystitis in patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 1997; 35: pp. 124-128.
  496. Furlan J.C., Fehlings M.G.: Hyponatremia in the acute stage after traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: Clinical and neuroanatomic evidence for autonomic dysfunction. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009; 34: pp. 501-511.
  497. Krassioukov A.V., Karlsson A.K., Wecht J.M., et. al.: Assessment of autonomic dysfunction following spinal cord injury: Rationale for additions to International Standards for Neurological Assessment. J Rehabil Res Dev 2007; 44: pp. 103-112.
  498. Hasler R.M., Exadaktylos A.K., Bouamra O., et. al.: Epidemiology and predictors of cervical spine injury in adult major trauma patients: A multicenter cohort study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 72: pp. 975-981.
  499. Marik P.E., Cavallazzi R., Vasu T., et. al.: Dynamic changes in arterial waveform derived variables and fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients: A systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: pp. 2642-2647.
  500. Horlocker T.T., Wedel D.J., Cucchiara R.F.: Venous air embolism during spinal instrumentation and fusion in the prone position. Anesth Analg 1992; 75: pp. 152. author reply 153
  501. McDouall S.F., Shlugman D.: Fatal venous air embolism during lumbar surgery: The tip of an iceberg?. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2007; 24: pp. 803-805.
  502. Martyn J.A., Richtsfeld M.: Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in acquired pathologic states: Etiologic factors and molecular mechanisms. Anesthesiology 2006; 104: pp. 158-169.
  503. Calder I., Calder J., Crockard H.A.: Difficult direct laryngoscopy in patients with cervical spine disease. Anaesthesia 1995; 50: pp. 756-763.
  504. Lennarson P.J., Smith D., Todd M.M., et. al.: Segmental cervical spine motion during orotracheal intubation of the intact and injured spine with and without external stabilization. J Neurosurg 2000; 92: pp. 201-206.
  505. Thiboutot F., Nicole P.C., Trepanier C.A., et. al.: Effect of manual in-line stabilization of the cervical spine in adults on the rate of difficult orotracheal intubation by direct laryngoscopy: A randomized controlled trial. Can J Anaesth 2009; 56: pp. 412-418.
  506. Walters B.C., Hadley M.N., Hurlbert R.J., et. al.: Guidelines for the management of acute cervical spine and spinal cord injuries: 2013 update. Neurosurgery 2013; 60: pp. 82-91.
  507. Nout Y.S., Mihai G., Tovar C.A., et. al.: Hypertonic saline attenuates cord swelling and edema in experimental spinal cord injury: A study utilizing magnetic resonance imaging. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: pp. 2160-2166.
  508. Biais M., Bernard O., Ha J.C., et. al.: Abilities of pulse pressure variations and stroke volume variations to predict fluid responsiveness in prone position during scoliosis surgery. Br J Anaesth 2010; 104: pp. 407-413.
  509. Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine : Early acute management in adults with spinal cord injury: a clinical practice guideline for health-care professionals. J Spinal Cord Med 2008; 31: pp. 403-479.
  510. Altaf F., Griesdale D.E., Belanger L., et. al.: The differential effects of norepinephrine and dopamine on cerebrospinal fluid pressure and spinal cord perfusion pressure after acute human spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2017; 55: pp. 33-38.
  511. Berkhemer O.A., Fransen P.S., Beumer D., et. al.: A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: pp. 11-20.
  512. Berkhemer O.A., van den Berg L.A., Fransen P.S., et. al.: The effect of anesthetic management during intra-arterial therapy for acute stroke in MR CLEAN. Neurology 2016; 87: pp. 656-664.
  513. Saver J.L., Goyal M., Bonafe A., et. al.: SWIFT PRIME Investigators: Stent-retriever thrombectomy after intravenous t-PA vs. t-PA alone in stroke. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: pp. 2285-2295.
  514. Campbell B.C., Mitchell P.J., Investigators E.-I.: Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: pp. 2365-2366.
  515. Jovin T.G., Chamorro A., Cobo E., et. al.: REVASCAT Trial Investigators: Thrombectomy within 8 hours after symptom onset in ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: pp. 2296-2306.
  516. Goyal M., Demchuk A.M., Menon B.K., et. al.: ESCAPE Trial Investigators: Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: pp. 1019-1030.
  517. Nogueira R.G., Jadhav A.P., Haussen D.C., et. al.: Thrombectomy 6 to 24 hours after stroke with a mismatch between deficit and infarct. N Engl J Med 2018; 378: pp. 11-21.
  518. Zarar A., Khan A.A., Adil M.M., et. al.: Anaphylactic shock associated with intravenous thrombolytics. Am J Emerg Med 2014; 32: 113 e113-115
  519. Chen C.J., Ding D., Starke R.M., et. al.: Endovascular vs medical management of acute ischemic stroke. Neurology 2015; 85: pp. 1980-1990.
  520. Goyal M., Menon B.K., van Zwam W.H., et. al.: HERMES collaborators: Endovascular thrombectomy after large-vessel ischaemic stroke: A meta-analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials. Lancet 2016; 387: pp. 1723-1731.
  521. Abou-Chebl A., Lin R., Hussain M.S., et. al.: Conscious sedation versus general anesthesia during endovascular therapy for acute anterior circulation stroke: Preliminary results from a retrospective, multicenter study. Stroke 2010; 41: pp. 1175-1179.
  522. Abou-Chebl A., Zaidat O.O., Castonguay A.C., et. al.: North American SOLITAIRE Stent-Retriever Acute Stroke Registry: Choice of anesthesia and outcomes. Stroke 2014; 45: pp. 1396-1401.
  523. Davis M.J., Menon B.K., Baghirzada L.B., et. al.: Anesthetic management and outcome in patients during endovascular therapy for acute stroke. Anesthesiology 2012; 116: pp. 396-405.
  524. Hassan A.E., Chaudhry S.A., Zacharatos H., et. al.: Increased rate of aspiration pneumonia and poor discharge outcome among acute ischemic stroke patients following intubation for endovascular treatment. Neurocrit Care 2012; 16: pp. 246-250.
  525. Jagani M., Brinjikji W., Rabinstein A.A., et. al.: Hemodynamics during anesthesia for intra-arterial therapy of acute ischemic stroke. J Neurointerv Surg 2016; 8: pp. 883-888.
  526. John S., Thebo U., Gomes J., et. al.: Intra-arterial therapy for acute ischemic stroke under general anesthesia versus monitored anesthesia care. Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 38: pp. 262-267.
  527. Jumaa M.A., Zhang F., Ruiz-Ares G., et. al.: Comparison of safety and clinical and radiographic outcomes in endovascular acute stroke therapy for proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion with intubation and general anesthesia versus the nonintubated state. Stroke 2010; 41: pp. 1180-1184.
  528. Just C., Rizek P., Tryphonopoulos P., et. al.: Outcomes of general anesthesia and conscious sedation in endovascular treatment for stroke. Can J Neurol Sci 2016; 43: pp. 655-658.
  529. Langner S., Khaw A.V., Fretwurst T., et. al.: Endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke under conscious sedation compared to general anesthesia – safety, feasibility and clinical and radiological outcome. Rofo 2013; 185: pp. 320-327.
  530. Li F., Deshaies E.M., Singla A., et. al.: Impact of anesthesia on mortality during endovascular clot removal for acute ischemic stroke. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2014; 26: pp. 286-290.
  531. McDonald J.S., Brinjikji W., Rabinstein A.A., et. al.: Conscious sedation versus general anaesthesia during mechanical thrombectomy for stroke: A propensity score analysis. J Neurointerv Surg 2015; 7: pp. 789-794.
  532. Nichols C., Carrozzella J., Yeatts S., et. al.: Is periprocedural sedation during acute stroke therapy associated with poorer functional outcomes?. J Neurointerv Surg 2010; 2: pp. 67-70.
  533. Sugg R.M., Jackson A.S., Holloway W., et. al.: Is mechanical embolectomy performed in nonanesthetized patients effective?. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2010; 31: pp. 1533-1535.
  534. Simonsen C.Z., Yoo A.J., Sorensen L.H., et. al.: Effect of general anesthesia and conscious sedation during endovascular therapy on infarct growth and clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 2018; 75: pp. 470-477.
  535. Schonenberger S., Uhlmann L., Hacke W., et. al.: Effect of conscious sedation vs general anesthesia on early neurological improvement among patients with ischemic stroke undergoing endovascular thrombectomy: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016; 316: pp. 1986-1996.
  536. Lowhagen Henden P., Rentzos A., Karlsson J.E., et. al.: General Anesthesia Versus Conscious Sedation for Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke: The AnStroke Trial (Anesthesia During Stroke). Stroke 2017; 48: pp. 1601-1607.
  537. Talke P.O., Sharma D., Heyer E.J., et. al.: Society for neuroscience in anesthesiology and critical care expert consensus statement: Anesthetic management of endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke: Endorsed by the society of NeuroInterventional surgery and the neurocritical care society. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2014; 26: pp. 95-108.
  538. Bouri S., Thapar A., Shalhoub J., et. al.: Hypertension and the post-carotid endarterectomy cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011; 41: pp. 229-237.
  539. van Mook W.N., Rennenberg R.J., Schurink G.W., et. al.: Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4: pp. 877-888.
  540. Takahashi C., Liang C.W., Liebeskind D.S., et. al.: To tube or not to tube? The role of intubation during stroke thrombectomy. Front Neurol 2014; 5: pp. 170.
  541. Rincon F., Kang J., Maltenfort M., et. al.: Association between hyperoxia and mortality after stroke: A multicenter cohort study. Crit Care Med 2014; 42: pp. 387-396.
  542. Burns J.D., Green D.M., Metivier K., et. al.: Intensive care management of acute ischemic stroke. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2012; 30: pp. 713-744.
  543. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Executive Committee; ESO Writing Committee : Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 25: pp. 457-507.
  544. Sioutos P.J., Orozco J.A., Carter L.P., et. al.: Continuous regional cerebral blood low monitoring in acute craniocerebral trauma. Neurosurgery 1991; 28: pp. 467.
  545. Langfitt T.W., Marshall W.J., Kassell N.F., et. al.: The pathophysiology of brain swelling produced by mechanical trauma and hypertension. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 1968; 102: B
  546. Lees K.R.: Time to treatment with intravenous alteplase and outcome in stroke: An updated pooled analysis of ECASS, ATLANTIS, NINDS, and EPITHET trials. Lancet 2010; 375: pp. 1695-1703.
  547. Khatri P.: Good clinical outcome after ischemic stroke with successful revascularization is time-dependent. Neurology 2009; 73: pp. 1066-1072.
  548. Lansberg M.G., Schrooten M., Bluhmki E., et. al.: Treatment timespecific number needed to treat estimates for tissue plasminogen activator therapy in acute stroke based on shifts over the entire range of the modified Rankin Scale. Stroke 2009; 40: pp. 2079-2084.
  549. Khatri P.: Time to angiographic reperfusion and clinical outcome after acute ischaemic stroke: An analysis of data from the Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS III) phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13: pp. 567-574.
  550. Menon B.K.: Optimal workflow and process-based performance measures for endovascular therapy in acute ischemic stroke: Analysis of the solitaire FR thrombectomy for acute revascularization study. Stroke 2014; 45: pp. 2024-2029.
  551. Mazighi M.: Comparison of intravenous alteplase with a combined intravenousendovascular approach in patients with stroke and confirmed arterial occlusion (RECANALISE study): A prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8: pp. 802-809.
  552. Herrmann O.: Fast-track intubation for accelerated interventional stroke treatment. Neurocrit Care 2012; 17: pp. 354-360.
  553. Abou-Chebl A.: North American SOLITAIRE stent-retriever acute stroke registry: Choice of anesthesia and outcomes. Stroke 2014; 45: pp. 1396-1401.
  554. Hubert G.J., Miiller-Barna P., Haberl R.L.: Unsolved issues in the management of high blood pressure in acute ischemic stroke. Int J Hypertens 2013; 2013: pp. 1-5.
  555. Leonardi-Bee J., Bath P.M.W., Phillips S.J., et. al.: Blood pressure and clinical outcomes in the International Stroke Trial. Stroke 2002; 33: pp. 1315-1320.
  556. Potter J., Mistri A., Brodie F.: Controlling hypertension and hypotension immediately post stroke (CHHIPS)-a randomised controlled trial. Health Technol Assess 2009; 13: pp. 1-73. iii, ix-xi
  557. Robinson T.G.: Effects of antihypertensive treatment after acute stroke in the Continue or Stop Post-Stroke Antihypertensives Collaborative Study (COSSACS): A prospective, randomised, open, blinded-endpoint trial. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: pp. 767-775.
  558. Qureshi A.I.: Acute hypertensive response in patients with stroke: Pathophysiology and management. Circulation 2008; 118: pp. 176-187.
  559. Komatsu R., You J., Mascha E.J.: Anesthetic induction with etomidate, rather than propofol, is associated with increased 30-day mortality and cardiovascular morbidity after noncardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 2013; 117: pp. 1329-1337.
  560. Nogueira R.G.: Predictors of Good Clinical Outcomes, Mortality, and Successful Revascularization in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke Undergoing Thrombectomy: Pooled Analysis of the Mechanical Embolus Removal in Cerebral Ischemia (MERCI) and Multi MERCI Trials. Stroke 2009; 40: pp. 3777-3783.
  561. Davis M.J.: Anesthetic management and outcome in patients during endovascular therapy for acute stroke. Anesthesiology 2012; 116: pp. 396-405.
  562. Jauch E.C.: Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2013; 44: pp. 870-947.
  563. Young W.L.: Anesthesia for endovascular neurosurgery and interventional neuroradiology. Anesthesiol Clin 2007; 25: pp. 391-412. vii
  564. Lee C.Z., Litt L., Hashimoto T., et. al.: Physiologic monitoring and anesthesia considerations in acute ischemic stroke. Vase IntervRadiol 2004; 15: pp. S13-S19.
  565. Reich D.L.: Predictors of hypotension after induction of general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2005; 101: pp. 622-628. table of contents
  566. Wityk R.J.: Blood pressure augmentation in acute ischemic stroke. J Neurol Sci 2007; 261: pp. 63-73.
  567. Davis D.P.: The impact of prehospital endotracheal intubation on outcome in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2005; 58: pp. 933-939.
  568. Davis D.P.: The effect of paramedic rapid sequence intubation on outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2003; 54: pp. 444-453.
  569. Mirro R.: Cerebral vasoconstriction in response to hypocapnia is maintained after ischemia/reperfusion injury in newborn pigs. Stroke 1992; 23: pp. 1613-1616.
  570. Miyamoto E.: Caudoputamen is damaged by hypocapnia during mechanical ventilation in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Stroke 2001; 32: pp. 2920-2925.
  571. Paulson O.B.: Cerebral apoplexy (stroke): Pathogenesis, pathophysiology and therapy as illustrated by regional blood flow measurements in the brain. Stroke 1971; 2: pp. 327-360.
  572. Waltz A.G., Sundt T.M., Owen C.A.: Effect of middle cerebral artery occlusion on cortical blood flow in animals. Neurology 1966; 16: pp. 1185-1190.
  573. Melamed E., Lavy S., Portnoy Z.: Regional cerebral blood flow response to hypocapnia in the contralateral hemisphere of patients with acute cerebral infarction. Stroke 1975; 6: pp. 503-508.
  574. Lavy S., Melamed E., Portnoy Z.: The effect of cerebral infarction on the regional cerebral blood flow of the contralateral hemisphere. Stroke 1975; 6: pp. 160-163.
  575. Zhao P.: Vasoreactivity and peri-infarct hyperintensities in stroke. Neurology 2009; 72: pp. 643-649.
  576. Wiedemann H.P., Mc Carthy K.: Noninvasive monitoring of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Clin Chest Med 1989; 10: pp. 239-254.
  577. Talke P.O.: Republished: Society for neuroscience in anesthesiology and critical care expert consensus statement: Anesthetic management of endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2014; 45: pp. el38-el50.
  578. Broderick J.P.: Finding the most powerful measures of the effectiveness of tissue plasminogen activator in the NINDS tPA stroke trial. Stroke 2000; 31: pp. 2335-2341.
  579. Hassan A.E.: Increased rate of aspiration pneumonia and poor discharge outcome among acute ischemic stroke patients following intubation for endovascular treatment. Neurocrit Care 2012; 16: pp. 246-250.
  580. van den Berg L.A., Koelman D.L., Berkhemer O.A., et. al.: Type of anesthesia and differences in clinical outcome after intra-arterial treatment for ischemic stroke. Stroke 2015; 46: pp. 1257-1262.

TRANG

1 2